Abstract
Among all hormone-sensitive cancers, prostate cancer is recognised as being the most sensitive. In fact, the best known characteristic of prostate cancer is its marked sensitivity to androgen deprivation: when surgical or medical castration is used [1], a procedure limited to the blockade of testicular androgens, a response of limited duration is observed in 60% to 80% of patients [2]. Such a high rate of positive responses is already quite impressive since, as will be discussed later, testicular androgens account for only 60% of total androgens in 65-year-old men, thus leaving approximately 40% of androgens free to continue to stimulate prostate cancer [3].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Huggins C and Hodges CV: Studies of prostatic cancer. I. Effect of castration, estrogen and androgen injections on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1941 (1): 293–297
Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group (VACURG): Treatment and survival of patients with cancer of the prostate. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1967 (124): 1011–1017
Labrie F, Dupont A and Bélanger A: A Complete androgen blockade for the treatment of prostate cancer. In: De Vita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Important Advances in Oncology. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1985 pp 193–217
Labrie F: Intracrinology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1991 (78): C113–C118
Labrie F: Endocrine therapy of prostate cancer. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 1991 (20): 845–872
Labrie F, Dupont A, Bélanger A et al: New hormonal therapy in prostatic carcinoma: combined treatment with an LHRH agonist and antiandrogen. J Clin Invest Med 1982 (5): 267–275
Labrie F, Simard J, Luu-The V, Bélanger A, Pelletier G: Structure, function and tissue-specific gene expression of 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/5-ene-4-ene isomerase enzymes in classical and peripheral intracrine steroidogenic tissues. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 1992 (43): 805–826
Labrie F, Bélanger A, Dupont A, Luu-The V, Simard J, Labrie C: Science behind total androgen blockade from gene to combination therapy. Clin Invest Med 1994 (in press)
Bélanger A, Brochu M, Cliche J: Levels of plasma steroid glucuronides in intact and castrated men with prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986 (62): 812–815
Moghissi E, Ablan F, Horton R: Origin of plasma androstanediol glucuronide in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984 (59): 417–421
Labrie F, Dupont A, Bélanger A et al: Treatment of prostate cancer with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. Endocr Rev 1986 (7): 67–74
Labrie F, Bélanger A, Cusan L et al: Antifertility effects of LHRH agonists in the male. J Androl 1980 (1): 209–228
Neri R, Florance K, Koziol P, Van Cleave S: A biological profile of a non-steroidal antiandrogen, SCH 13521 (4′-nitro-3′-trif luoromethyl-isobutyranilide). Endocrinology 1972 (91): 427–437
Poyet P and Labrie F: Comparison of the antiandrogenic/androgenic activities of flutamide, cyproterone acetate and megestrol acetate. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1985 (42): 283–288
Labrie C, Cusan L, Plante M, Lapointe S, Labrie F: Analysis of the androgenic activity of synthetic “progestins” currently used for the treatment of prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem 1987 (28): 379–384
Labrie F and Veilleux R: A wide range of sensitivities to androgens develops in cloned Shionogi mouse mammary tumor cells. Prostate 1986 (8): 293–300
Labrie F, Veilleux R, Fournier A: Low androgen levels induce the development of androgen hypersensitive cell clones in Shionogi mouse mammary carcinoma cells in culture. JNCI 1988 (80): 1138–1147
Crawford ED, Eisenberger MA, McLeod DG et al: A controlled trial of leuprolide with and without flutamide in prostatic carcinoma. New Engl J Med 1989 (321): 419–424
Denis L, Cameiro de Moura JL, Bono A, Sylvester R, Whelan P, Newling D, Depauw M and Members of the EORTC Group and EORTC Data center: Goserelin acetate and flutamide versus bilateral orchiectomy: a phase III EORTC Trial (30853). Urology 1993 (42): 119–130
Soloway MS, Ishikawa S, van der Zwang R, Todd B: Prognostic factors in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Urology 1989 (33): 53–56
Béland G, Elhilali M, Fradet Y et al: Total androgen blockade versus castration in metastatic cancer of the prostate. In: Motta M and Serio M (eds) Hormonal Therapy of Prostatic Diseases: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Medicom, Bussum 1988 pp 302-311
Janknegt RA, Abbou CC, Bartoletti R et al: Orchiectomy and Anandron (nilutamide) or placebo as treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer in a multinational double-blind randomized trial. Urology 1992 (149): 77–83
Labrie F: GnRH agonists in prostate cancer. In: The Current Status of GnRH Analogues 1993, 3rd International Symposium on GnRH Analogues in Cancer and Human Reproduction, Parthenon Publishing, New York 1994 (in press)
Sanford EJ, Paulson DF, Rohner TJ, Drago JR, Santen RJ, Bardin CW: The effects of castration on adrenal testosterone secretion in men with prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 1977 (118): 1019–1021
Rostom AY, Folkes A, Lord C, Notley RG, Schweitzer FAW, White WF: Aminoglutethimide therapy for advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Br J Urol 1982 (54): 552–555
Labrie F, Dupont A, Giguère M et al: Important benefits of combination therapy with flutamide in patients relapsing after castration. Br J Urol 1988 (61): 341–346
Labrie F, Dupont A, Bélanger A et al: Anti-hormone treatment for prostate cancer relapsing after treatment with flutamide and castration. Br J Urol 1989 (63): 634–638
Eisenberger MA and Fontana JA: Suramin, an active nonhormonal cytotoxic drug for treatment of prostate cancer: compelling reasons for testing in patients with hormone-refractory breast cancer. JNCI 1992 (84): 3–5
Belani CP, Pearl P, Whitley NO, Aisner J: Tamoxifen withdrawal response. Report of a case. Arch Intern Med 1989 (149): 449–450
Rudolph RH: Response of metastatic breast cancer to tamoxifen (TAM) withdrawal, abstracted. In: Third European Conference on Clinical Oncology and Cancer Nursing, Stockholm 1981, p 161
Labrie F, Dupont A, Giguère M et al: Important prognostic value of standardized objective criteria of response in stage D2 prostatic carcinoma. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1988 (12): 1869–1878
Slack NH, Brady MF, Murphy GP and Investigators in the National Prostatic Cancer Project: Stable versus partial response in advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 1984 (5): 401–415
Eisenberger MA, Simon R, O’Dwyer PJ, Winter RE, Friedman MA: A reevaluation of nonhormonal cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1985 (3): 827–841
Tannock IF: Is there evidence that chemotherapy is of benefit to patients with carcinoma of the prostate?. J Clin Oncol 1985 (3): 1013–1021
Schmidt JD, Mettlin CJ, Natarajan N, Peace B, Beart RW, Winchester DP, Murphy GP: Trends in patterns of care for prostatic cancer, 1974-1983; results of surveys by the American College of Surgeons. J Urol 1986 (136): 416–421
Flocks RH, O’Donohue EPN, Milleman LA, Culp DA: Management of stage C prostatic carcinoma. Urol Clin North Amer 1975 (2): 163–179
Paulson D, Hodge GB Jr, Hinshaw W: The Uro-Oncology Group. Radiation therapy versus delayed androgen de902privation for stage C carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1984 (131): 901–902
Moorjani S, Dupont A, Labrie F et al: Increase in plasma high-density lipoprotein concentration following complete androgen blockage in men with prostatic carcinoma. Metabolism 1987 (36): 244–250
Moorjani S, Dupont A, Labrie F et al: Changes in plasma lipoproteins during various androgen suppression therapies in men with prostatic carcinoma: effects of orchiectomy, estrogen and combination treatment with LHRH agonist and flutamide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988 (66): 314–322
Grayhack JT and Kozlowski JM: Endocrine therapy in the management of advanced prostatic cancer: the case for early initiation of treatment. Urol Clin North Amer 1980 (7): 639–643
Kaplan EL and Meier P: Non parametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc 1958 (53): 457–481
Whitmore WF Jr: The natural history of prostatic cancer. Cancer 1973 (32): 1104–1112
Tomlinson RL, Currie DP, Boyce WH: Radical prostatectomy: palliation for stage C carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1977 (117): 85–87
Dupont A, Gomez J-L, Cusan L, Koutsilieris M, Labrie F: Response to flutamide withdrawal in advanced prostate cancer in progression under combination therapy. J Urol 1993 (150): 908–913
Cupps RE, Utz DC, Fleming TR, Carson CC, Zinckle H, Myers RP: Definitive radiation therapy for prostatic carcinoma: Mayo Clinic Experience. J Urol 1980 (124): 855–859
Pavone-Macaluso M, de Voogt HJ, Viggiano G, Barasolo E, Lardennois B, de Pauw M, Sylvester R: Comparison of diethylstilbestrol, cyproterone acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer: final analysis of the randomized phase III trial of the European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer Urological Group. J Urol 1986 (136): 624–631
Smith PH, Suciu S, Robinson MRG et al: A comparison of the effect of diethylstilbestrol with low dose estramustine phosphate in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer: final analysis of a phase III of the European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer. J Urol 1986 (136): 619–623
Catalona WJ and Bigg SW: Nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy: evaluation of results after 250 patients. J Urol 1990 (143): 538–544
Epstein JI, Pizov G, Walsh PC: Correlation of pathologic findings with progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Cancer 1993 (71): 3582–3593
Frazier HA, Robertson JE, Humphrey PA, Paulson DF: Is prostate specific antigen of clinical importance in evaluating outcome after radical prostatectomy?. J Urol 1993 (149): 516–518
Rosen MA, Goldstone L, Lapin S, Wheeler T, Scardino PT: Frequency and location of extracapsular extension and positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens. J Urol 1992 (148): 331–337
Stein A, De Kernion JB, Smith RB, Dorey F, Patel H: Prostate specific antigen levels after radical prostatectomy in patients with organ-confined and locally extensive prostate cancer. J Urol 1992 (147): 942–946
Brendler CB, Carmichael M, Walsh PC, Epstein JI: Radical prostatectomy for nonpalpable prostate cancer diagnosed by needle biopsy: pathologic and clinical findings. J Urol 1993 (149): 378A
Andros EA, Danesghari F, Crawford ED: Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy in stage C carcinoma of the prostate. Clin Invest Med 1994 (in press)
Fair WR, Aprikian A, Cohen D, Sogani P, Reuter V: The use of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy in clinically localized prostate cancer. Clin Invest Med 1993 (in press)
Lee F, Siders DB, Newby JE, McHugh TA, Solomon MH: The role of transrectal ultrasound guided staging biopsy and androgen ablation therapy prior to radical prostatectomy. Clin Invest Med 1994 (in press)
McHugh TA: The influence of transrectal ultrasound of the prostate on a private urology practice. In: Labrie F, Lee F, Dupont A (eds) Early Stage Prostate Cancer: Diagnosis and Choice of Therapy. Excerpta Medica, New York 1989 pp 37–40
Monfette G, Dupont A, Labrie F: Temporary combination therapy with flutamide and Tryptex as adjuvant to radical prostatectomy for the treatment of early stage prostate cancer. In: Labrie F, Lee F, Dupont A (eds) Early Stage Prostate Cancer: Diagnosis and Choice of Therapy. Excerpta Medica, New York 1989 pp 41–42
Solomon MH, McHugh T, Door RP, Lee F, Siders DB: Hormone ablation therapy as neoadjuvant treatment to radical prostatectomy. Clin Invest Med 1994 (in press)
Têtu B, Srigley Jr, Boivin JC: Effect of combination endocrine therapy (LHRH agonist and flutamide) on normal prostate and prostatic adenocarcinoma: a histopathologic and immunohisto-chemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 1991 (15): 111–120
Labrie F, Dupont A, Cusan L et al: Downstaging of localized prostate cancer by neoadjuvant therapy with flutamide and lupron. Clin Invest Med 1994 (in press)
Byar DP and Mostofi FK: Carcinoma of the prostate: prognostic evaluation of certain pathologic features in 208 radical prostatectomies. Examined by stepsection technique. Cancer 1972 (30): 5–13
Villers A, McNeal JE, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, Stamey TA: The radical perineural space invasion in the local spread of prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 1989 (142): 763–768
Brendler CB and Walsh PC: The role of radical prostatectomy in the treatment of prostate cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 1992 (42): 212–222
Botto H, Richard F, Mathieu F, Carney M: Decapeptyl in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer: comparative study with pulpectomy. Prog Clin Biol Res 1989 (303): 53–60
Labrie F, Dupont A, Simard J, Luu-The V, Bélanger A: Intracrinology: The basis for the rational design of endocrine therapy at all stages of prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1993 (): 94-105
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Labrie, F., Dupont, A., Cusan, L., Gomez, JL., Suburu, R., Diamond, P. (1996). Combination Therapy with Flutamide: The Therapy of Choice from Early to Advanced Stages of Prostate Cancer. In: Denis, L. (eds) Antiandrogens in Prostate Cancer. ESO Monographs. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45745-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45745-6_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-45747-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-45745-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive