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Lifestyle Interventions for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

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PanVascular Medicine

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally. Lifestyle risk factors play a significant role in the development of CVD and, due to their high prevalence especially in developed and many developing countries, carry a high population attributable risk. Lifestyle modification through smoking cessation, physical activity and exercise, and weight management and diet modification is critically important in primordial, primary, and secondary prevention to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. This chapter will review the impact of each lifestyle risk factor on the development of the disease and the reduction in risk that can be achieved with appropriate lifestyle modification.

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Abbreviations

Population attributable risk:

The contribution of a risk factor within a population to a disease or a death.

Primary prevention:

Interventions designed to modify adverse levels of risk factors once they are present with the goal of preventing an initial CVD event.

Primordial prevention:

Prevention of the development of risk factors.

Secondary prevention:

Interventions designed to prevent disease recurrence and death after the initial onset of symptomatic disease.

ACORN:

Ambulatory Care Outcomes Research Network

ACS:

Acute coronary syndrome

AHA:

American Heart Association

ASCVD:

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

BMI:

Body mass index

CDC:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CHD:

Coronary heart disease

CI:

Confidence interval

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

DASH:

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid, C22:6n-3

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid, C20:5n-3

ESC:

European Society of Cardiology

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

HBP:

High blood pressure

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

HHS:

Health and Human Services

HR:

Hazard ratio

JNC:

Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

nAcHR:

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

NICE:

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

NRT:

Nicotine replacement therapy

USA:

United States of America

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Further Reading

  • Antman EM (ed) (2012) Cardiovascular therapeutics: a companion to Braunwald’s heart disease. Saunders, Philadelphia

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Sanjay Maniar

  2. Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Section of Preventive Cardiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Vera Bittner

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  1. Sanjay Maniar
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  2. Vera Bittner
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  1. Division of Cardiovascular Disease Department of Internal Medicine, Health Care Center Bitterfeld, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany

    Peter Lanzer

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Maniar, S., Bittner, V. (2015). Lifestyle Interventions for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. In: Lanzer, P. (eds) PanVascular Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37078-6_54

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