Introduction
Lessons learned worldwide from historical (e.g., Niigata, Japan, and Alaska in 1964) and recent strong earthquakes (e.g., L’Aquila in 2009, Chile in 2010, Tohoku, Japan, and Christchurch in 2011, among others) have distinguished site amplification and soil liquefaction as two of the main causes of damage to man-made and natural structures during seismic events. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the ground shaking observed at surface during an earthquake depends on the seismic source characteristics and focal mechanism, the deep wave propagation from the fault to the bedrock, and the local soil conditions. The first two phenomena are commonly studied by seismologists, geologists, and geophysicists, while the third one falls in the geotechnical earthquake engineering field, being strongly related to the mechanical behavior of soils subjected to dynamic loading. The term “site effects” refers to the overall set of modifications of the bedrock motion, in terms of amplitude, frequency...
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Elia, G. (2015). Site Response for Seismic Hazard Assessment. In: Beer, M., Kougioumtzoglou, I.A., Patelli, E., Au, SK. (eds) Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35344-4_241
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