Abstract
In the words of Professor Larry J. Leifer, “All design is redesign.” As designers collect information about a problem, they form a mental frame of the problem space that is the scaffolding around which to build a solution. When presented with new information, successful designers can “reframe” the problem and the solution as part of a successful iterative cycle. These iterative cycles are central to the Stanford Design Thinking process. A team’s capacity and willingness to reframe can be measured by means of a closed-form assessment tool that eliminates many of the confounding variables of the previous longitudinal (project performance-based) approach. We propose the Stanford Design Thinking Exercise (SDTE) as a measure of reframing behavior and design team effectiveness. The exercise is standardized and can be conducted in a controlled lab or classroom setting in 1 h. The SDTE is designed to be a first step toward a quick, reliable and standardized technique for evaluating design team effectiveness. We found that the SDTE is a robust measurement for reframing change, in that it reports a range of reframing results across a participant population group, but attempts to align the instrument with participant cognitive characteristics were unsuccessful indicating that more work needs to be done to understand specific indicators of reframing.
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Appendix
Appendix
1.1 SDTE
1.2 Consensus rankingsa
Rank | Item | Rank | 95%CI |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | The bicycle is easy to ride | 1.68 | 0.26 |
2 | The handlebars are comfortable for the rider | 1.80 | 0.26 |
3 | The tires give the rider a feeling of confidence and safety | 1.88 | 0.24 |
4 | The rider sits in a comfortable upright position | 1.96 | 0.26 |
5 | The tires are textured and flat resistant | 1.97 | 0.24 |
6 | The rider stays clean because most mechanisms are covered | 2.15 | 0.25 |
7 | The rider can easily carry groceries or a briefcase | 2.25 | 0.24 |
8 | The seat adjusts easily with a compression ring and flip lever | 2.28 | 0.24 |
9 | The front and rear axles have low friction bearings | 2.31 | 0.21 |
10 | The drive chain is a one-piece break resistant belt | 2.32 | 0.24 |
11 | The frame is made from thin walled high grade aluminum | 2.55 | 0.20 |
12 | The locking mechanism is made of lightweight titanium | 2.66 | 0.21 |
13 | The back wheel has a carbon-steel disc brake | 2.69 | 0.21 |
14 | The down tube gently curves giving the bicycle a sophisticated and durable look | 2.78 | 0.20 |
15 | The bicycle helps the rider feel like they are “living green” | 2.80 | 0.24 |
16 | A pitlock skewer locknut is affixed to the wheels | 2.95 | 0.20 |
17 | There are 30 different color combinations to choose from | 3.18 | 0.23 |
18 | The company motto is “classic bikes for a modern era” | 3.32 | 0.26 |
19 | The rear fender has room for a logo and user instructions | 3.34 | 0.23 |
20 | The company makes Tour de France bicycles | 3.49 | 0.23 |
1.3 Group Reframing Response to Stimulus (Total)
1.4 Individual Reframing Response to Stimulus (Total)
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Kress, G.L., Schar, M. (2012). Applied Teamology: The Impact of Cognitive Style Diversity on Problem Reframing and Product Redesign Within Design Teams. In: Plattner, H., Meinel, C., Leifer, L. (eds) Design Thinking Research. Understanding Innovation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31991-4_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31991-4_8
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