Abstract
Lubricants and lubrication have been inherent in a machine ever since man invented machines. It was water and natural esters like vegetable oils and animal fats that were used during the early era of machines. During the late 1800s, the development of the petrochemical industry put aside the application of natural lubricants for reasons including its stability and economics. The growing awareness of the lower biodegradability and higher toxicity of petrochemical-based lubricants created the requirements of the best possible protection of nature. The recent research on the adverse effects of mineral oil-based lubricants on the environment has reconfirmed its role in polluting groundwater for up to 100 years and its effects on reducing the growth of trees and the life span of aquatic life [1]. This awareness, of the use of ecofriendly processes and materials, increases interest in Tribology for the use of natural esters in lubrication processes [2]. The development of the retro parade attitude in the lubricant industry and its customers with more environmental awareness, keen to prefer products which do not diminish the world’s finite resource of mineral hydrocarbons and which have a minimal adverse effect on the environment, created an opportunity to use naturally available ecofriendly lubricants [3]. The potential candidates for ecofriendly lubricants include vegetable oils, animal fats and synthetic esters. Although animal fats are also considered biodegradable the most common mineral oil substitutes consist of vegetable oils and synthetic esters [4]. The economical concerns and price stability edge the potential use of vegetable oils as lubricants over synthetic esters. With the notion that we live on a planet with finite resources, we have to think about the coming generations and work for sustainable development in the field of Tribology. This chapter has key concepts like the advantageous and inherent limitations of vegetable oils over mineral oils, possible application of vegetable oil in the field of Tribology, composition and structure of vegetable oils and use of different vegetable oils as bioderived lubricants with their properties and functions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
W.J. Bartz, Lubricants and the environment. Tribol. Int. 31(1–3), 35–47 (1998)
P.V. Joseph, S. Deepak, D.K. Sharma, Study of some non-edible vegetable oils of Indian origin for lubricant application. J. Synth. Lubr. 24, 181–197 (2007)
B. Wilson, Lubricants and functional fluids from renewable sources. Ind. Lubr. Technol. 50(1), 6–15 (1998). (January/February)
R.L. Goyan, R.E. Melley, P.A. Wissner, W.C. Ong, Biodegradable lubricants. Lubr. Eng. 54(7), 10–17 (1998)
L. Lazzeri, M. Mazzoncini, A. Rossi, E. Balducci, G. Bartolini, L. Giovannelli, R. Pedriali, R. Petroselli, G. Patalano, G. Agnoletti, A. Borgioli, B. Croce, L. D’Avino, Biolubricants for the textile and tannery industries as an alternative to conventional mineral oils: an application experience in the Tuscany province. Ind. Crops Prod. 24, 280–291 (2006)
C.W. Lea, European development of lubricants from renewable sources. Ind. Lubr. Tribol. 54(6), 268–274 (2002)
A. Pettersson, High-performance base fluids for environmentally adapted lubricants. Tribol. Int. 40, 638–645 (2007)
S.Z. Erhan, B.K. Sharma, Z. Liu, A. Adhvaryu, Lubricant base stock potential of chemically modified vegetable oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56(19), 8919–8925 (2008)
S. Asadauskas, J.H. Perez, J.L. Duda, Lubrication properties of castor oil–potential base stock for biodegradable. Lubr. Eng. 53(12), 35–40 (1997)
H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Maleque, A. Kubo, T. Nonaka, Palm oil and mineral oil based lubricants—their tribological and emission performance. Tribol. Int. 32, 305–314 (1999)
M.A. Maleque, H.H. Masjuki, S.M. Sapuan, Vegetable based biodegradable lubricating oil additives. Ind. lubr. technol. 55(3), 137–143 (2003)
S.Z. Erhan, S. Asadauskas, Lubricant basestocks from vegetable oils. Ind. Crops Prod. 11, 277–282 (2000)
V.K. Bhatia, A. Chaudhry, G.A. Sivasankaran, R.P.S. Bisht, M. Kashyap, Modification of jojoba oil for lubricant formulations. JAOCS 67(1), 1–7 (1990)
O.N. Anand, V.K. Chhibber, Vegetable oil derivatives: environment-friendly lubricants and fuels. J. Synth. Lubr. 23, 91–107 (2006)
Y.M. Shashidhara, S.R. Jayaram, Vegetable oils as a potential cutting fluid—an evolution. Tribol. Int. 43, 1073–1081 (2010)
I.I. Ştefanescu, C. Calomir, G. Chirita, On the future of biodegradable vegetable lubricants used for industrial trybosystems. The annals of university “dunărea de jos” of galaţi fascicle VIII (2002)
B. Krzan, J. Vizintin, Tribological properties of an environmentally adopted universal tractor transmission oil based on vegetable oil. Tribol. Int. 36, 827–833 (2003)
J.K. Mannekote, S.V. Kailas, Influence of chemical structure on the boundary lubrication properties of vegetable oils. ASME 2010 10th biennial conference on engineering systems design and analysis (ESDA2010), (Istanbul, Turkey, ESDA2010-25070), pp. 633–637, 12–14 July 2010
N.H. Jayadas, K. Prabhakaran Nair, Coconut oil as base oil for industrial lubricants—evaluation and modification of thermal, oxidative and low temperature properties. Tribol. Int. 39, 873–878 (2006)
J.K. Mannekote, S.V. Kailas, Performance evaluation of vegetable oils as lubricant in a four stroke engine. World Tribology Conference 2009, Kyoto, Japan, D-215, p. 331, 12–15 Sept 2009
J.K. Mannekote, S.V. Kailas, Experimental investigation of coconut and palm oils as lubricants in four stroke engines. Tribol. Online 6(1), 76–82 (2011)
J.K. Mannekote, S.V. Kailas, R.T. Naik, Condition monitoring of vegetable oils used in a 4 stroke engine as lubricants. Tribo-India Conference on Tribology of Automotive Systems, 11, 12 Dec 2009
Jan Cloin, Coconut oil as a biofuel in Pacific Islands. Refocus July/August 2005
P.J. Singh, J. Khurma, A. Singh, Preparation, characterisation, engine performance and emission characteristics of coconut oil based hybrid fuels. Renew. Energy 35, 2065–2070 (2010)
W.K. Trotter, W.D. Givan, Economics of sunflower oil use m the United States production and use in the United States. JAOCS 48, 442–449 (1971)
Z. Flagella, T. Rotunno, E. Tarantino, R. Di Caterina, A. De Caro, Changes in seed yield and oil fatty acid composition of high oleic sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids in relation to the sowing date and the water regime. Eur. J. Agron. 17, 221–230 (2002)
G.A. Pereyra-Irujo, N.G. Izquierdo, M. Covi, S.M. Nolasco, F. Quiroz, L.A.N. Aguirrezábal, Variability in sunflower oil quality for biodiesel production: a simulation study. Biomass Bioenergy 33, 459–468 (2009)
S.A. Smith, R.E. King, D.B. Min, Oxidative and thermal stabilities of genetically modified high oleic sunflower oil. Food Chem. 102, 1208–1213 (2007)
S. Marmesat, M. Mancha, M.V. Ruiz-Méndez, M.C. Dobarganes, Performance of sunflower oil with high levels of oleic and palmitic acids during industrial frying of almonds, peanuts, and sunflower seeds. JAOCS 82(7), 505–510 (2005)
I. Stefanescu, C. Calomir, C. Gheorghies, C. Spanu, Study on tribological properties of vegetable sunflower oil used as possible ecological lubricant, The Annals Of University “Dunărea De Jos” Of Galaţi Fascicle Viii, 2005, Issn 1221-4590, Tribology
G.A. Pereyra-Irujo, L.A.N. Aguirrezabal, Sunflower yield and oil quality interactions and variability: Analysis through a simple simulation model. Agric. For. Meteorol. 143, 252–265 (2007)
J. Fredric, R.J. Baur, J.B. Brown, The fatty acids of corn oil, vol. 67, pp. 1899–1900 (1945)
L. Pop, C. Puscas, G. Bandur, G. Vlase, R. Nut iu, Basestock oils for lubricants from mixtures of corn oil and synthetic diesters. JAOCS 85, 71–76 (2008)
F. Marini, F. Balestrieri, R. Bucci, A.L. Magr, D. Marini, Supervised pattern recognition to discriminate the geographical origin of rice bran oils: a first study. Microchem. J. 74, 239–248 (2003)
A. Saydu, M.Z. Duz, C. Kaya, A.B. Kafadar, C. Hamamci, Transesterified sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed oil as a biodiesel fuel. Bioresou. Technol. 99, 6656–6660 (2008)
N.A. Santos, M.L.A. Tavares, R. Rosenhaim, F.C. Silva, V.J. Fernandes Jr, A.G. Souza, Thermogravimetric and calorimetric evaluation of babassu biodiesel obtained by the methanol route. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 87(3), 649–652 (2007)
L. Canoira, J.G. Galea, R. Alcantara, M. Lapuerta, R. Garcıa-Contreras, Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from castor oil: production process assessment and synergistic effects in its properties. Renew. Energy 35, 208–217 (2010)
J.S. de Oliveira, P.M. Leite, L.B. de Souza, V.M. Mello, E.C. Silva, J.C. Rubim, S.M.P. Meneghetti, P.A.Z. Suarez, Characteristics and composition of jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcas L. oils and application for biodiesel production. Biomass Bioenergy 33, 449–453 (2009)
E.T. Akintayo, Characteristics and composition of Parkia biglobbossa and Jatropha curcas oils and cakes. Bioresour. Technol. 92, 307–310 (2004)
S.N. Shah, B.K. Sharma, B.R. Moser, S.Z. Erhan, Preparation and evaluation of jojoba oil methyl esters as biodiesel and as a blend component in ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. Bioenerg. Res. 3, 214–223 (2010)
H. Gisser, J. Messina, D. Chasan, Jojoba oil as a sperm oil substitute. Wear 34, 53–63 (1975)
A. Apelblat, J. Wisniak, G. Shapiro, Physical properties of (jojoba oil + n-hexane) compared with other (vegetable oil + n-hexane) mixtures. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 40, 1477–1484 (2008)
R.P.S. Bisht, G.A. Sivasankaran, V.K. Bhatia, Additive properties of jojoba oil for lubricating oil formulations. Wear 161, 193–197 (1993)
G.A. Sivasankaran, R.P.S. Bisht, V.K. Jain, M. Gupta, A. Sethuramiah, V.K. Bhatia, Jojoba-oil-based two-stroke gasoline engine lubricant. Tribol. Int. 21(6), 327–333 (1988)
M. Allawzi, M.K. Abu-Arabi, H.S. Al-zoubi, A. Tamimi, Physicochemical characteristics and thermal stability of Jordanian jojoba oil. JAOCS 75(1), 57–62 (1998)
S.L. Pearson, J.E. Spagnoli, Environment lubricants–an overview of onsite applications and experience. Lubr. Eng. 56(4), 40 (2000)
B. Wilson, Lubricants and functional fluids from renewable sources. Ind. Lubr. Technol. 50(1), 6–15 (1998)
B.K. Sharma, A. Adhvaryu, Z. Liu, S.Z. Erhan, Chemical modification of vegetable oils for lubricant applications. JAOCS 83(2), 129–136 (2006)
S. Onkawa, A. Konishi, H. Hatano, K. Ishihama, K. Tanaka, M. Awamura, Oxidation and corrosion characteristics of vegetable base biodegradable hydraulic oils. SAE Tech. Pap. 951038, 55–63 (1995)
B.N. Rhodes, W. Mammel, P. Landis, F.L. Erickson, Water rejection of vegetable oil base stocks for tractor/hydraulic fluids. SAE Tech. Pap. 952073, 1–4 (1995)
S. Asadauskas, S.Z. Erhan, Depression of pour points of vegetable oils by blending with diluents used for biodegradable lubricants. JAOCS 76(3), 313–316 (1999)
H.-S. Hwang, S.Z. Erhan, Modification of epoxidized soybean oil for lubricant formulations with improved oxidative stability and low pour point. JAOCS 78(12), 1179–1184 (2001)
S.Z. Erhan, B.K. Sharma, Z. Liu, A. Adhvaryu, Lubricant base stock potential of chemically modified vegetable oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 8919–8925 (2008)
B.K. Sharma, A. Adhvaryu, S.Z. Erhan, Friction and wear behavior of thioether hydroxy vegetable oil. Tribol. Int. 42, 353–358 (2009)
J. Sepulveda, S. Teixeira, U. Schuchardt, Alumina-catalyzed epoxidation of unsaturated fatty esters with hydrogen peroxide. Appl. Catal. A 318, 213–217 (2007)
J.L. Scala, R.P. Wool, Effect of FA composition on epoxidation kinetics of TAG. JAOCS 79(4), 373–378 (2002)
L.H. Gan, K.S. Ooi, L.M. Gan, S.H. Goh, Effects of epoxidation on the thermal oxidative stabilities of fatty acid esters derived from palm olein. JAOCS 72(4), 439–442 (1995)
R. Mungroo, N.C. Pradhan, V.V. Goud, A.K. Dalai, Epoxidation of canola oil with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by acidic ion exchange resin. JAOCS 85, 887–896 (2008)
S. Dinda, A.V. Patwardhan, V.V. Goud, N.C. Pradhan, Epoxidation of cottonseed oil by aqueous hydrogen peroxide catalysed by liquid inorganic acids. Bioresour. Technol. 99, 3737–3744 (2008)
V.V. Goud, N.C. Pradhan, A.V. Patwardhan, Epoxidation of karanja (pongamia glabra) oil by H2O2. JAOCS 83(7), 635–640 (2006)
F.E. Okieimen, O.I. Bakare, C.O. Okieimen, Studies on the epoxidation of rubber seed oil. Ind. Crops Prod. 15, 139–144 (2002)
A. Adhvaryu, S.Z. Erhan, Epoxidized soybean oil as a potential source of high-temperature lubricants. Ind. Crop Prod. 15, 247–254 (2002)
S.Z. Erhan, B.K. Sharma, Z. Liu, A. Adhvaryu, Lubricant base stock potential of chemically modified vegetable oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 8919–8925 (2008)
B.K. Sharma, A. Adhvaryu, S.Z. Erhan, Friction and wear behavior of thioether hydroxy vegetable oil. Tribol. Int. 42, 353–358 (2009)
E.H. Pryde, JAOCS 61(2), 419–425 (1984)
J.P. Friedrich, G.R. List, V.E. Sohns, Hydroformylation of methyl oleate with a recycled rhodium catalyst and estimated costs for a batch process. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 50, 455–458 (1973)
E.N. Frankel, Methyl 9(lO)-formylstearate by selective hydroformylation of oleic oils. JAOCS 48, 248–253 (1971)
M.W. Balakos, E.E. Hernanolez, Catalyst characteristics and performance in edible oil hydrogenation. Catal. Today 35, 415–425 (1997)
A. Behr, H. Schmidke, Selektive hydrierung ungesattigter modellverfindungen mit solvesstabilisierten palladium-kolloidkatalysatoren. Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 65, 568–569 (1993)
L.E. Johansson, S.T. Lundin, Copper catalysts in the selective hydrogenation of soybean and rapeseed oils: I. The activity of the copper chromite catalyst. JAOCS 56, 974–980 (1979)
K. Mondal, S.B. Lalvani, A second-order model for catalytic-transfer hydrogenation of edible oils. JAOCS 77(1), 1–8 (2000)
M. Martinelli, R. de Cassia de Souza Schneider, V.Z. Baldissarelli, M.L. von Holleben, E.B. Caramao, Castor oil hydrogenation by a catalytic hydrogen transfer system using limonene as hydrogen donor. JAOCS 82(4), 279–283 (2005)
Y. Kitayamaa, M. Muraokaa, M. Takahashia, T. Kodamaa, E. Takahashib, M. Okamurac, Catalytic hydrogenation of linoleic acid over platinum-group metals supported on alumina. JAOCS 74(5), 525–529 (1997)
N. Ravasio, F. Zaccheria, M. Gargano, S. Recchia, A. Fusi, N. Poli, R. Psaro, Environmental friendly lubricants through selective hydrogenation of rapeseed oil over supported copper catalysts. Appl. Catal. A 233, 1–6 (2002)
A. Behr, A. Westfechtel, J.P. Gomes, Catalytic processes for the technical use of natural fats and oils. Chem. Eng. Technol. 31(5), 700–714 (2008)
S. Warwel, P. Bavaj, M.R. Klass, B. Wolff, H. Eierdanz, Perspektiven nachwachsender Rohstoffe in der Chemie (VCH, Weinheim, 1996), p. 119
R.W. Johnson, E. Fritz, Fatty Acids in Industry (Marel Dekker, New York, 1988), p. 667
H. Wagner, R. Luther, T. Mang, Lubricant base fluids based on renewable raw materials their catalytic manufacture and modification. Appl. Catal. A 221, 429–442 (2001)
L.T. Black, R.E. Beal, Acetoxylation of methyl oleate with a resin catalyst. JAOCS 44, 310–312 (1967)
U. Biermann, J.O. Metzger, Friedel–crafts alkylation of alkenes: ethylaluminum sesquichloride induced alkylations with alkyl chloroformates. Angew Chem. Int. Ed. 38(24), 3675–3677 (1999)
J.O. Metzger, U. Biermann, Alkylaluminium dichloride induced friedel-crafts acylation of unsaturated carboxylic acids and alcohols. Liebigs. Ann. Chem. 645–650 (1993)
S. Asadauskas, H.P. Joseph, J.D. Larry, Lubrication properties of castor oil potential basestock for biodegradable lubricants. Lubr. Eng. 53(12), 35–40 (1997)
L.C. Meher, S.D. Vidya, S.N. Naik, Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification—a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 10, 248–268 (2006)
P.S. Wang, The production of isopropyl esters and their effects on a diesel engine. Master of Science thesis to Iowa State University (2003)
R. Alcantara, J. Amores, L. Canoira, E. Fidalgo, M.J. Franco, A. Navarro, Catalytic production of biodiesel from soy-bean oil, used frying oil and tallow. Biomass and Bioenergy 18, 515–527 (2000)
U. Schuchardta, S. Ricardo, M.V. Rogerio, Transesterification of vegetable oils: a review. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 9(1), 199–210 (1998)
F.R. Abreu, G.L. Daniella, H.H. Elias, W. Carlos, A.Z.S. Paulo, Utilization of metal complexes as catalysts in the transesterification of Brazilian vegetable oils with different alcohols. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 209, 29–33 (2004)
M.W. Formo, Ester reactions of fatty materials. JAOCS 3(11), 548–559 (1954)
C.Y. May, Transesterification of palm oil: effect of reaction parameters. J. Oil Palm Res. 16(2), 1–11 (2004)
J.M. Encinar, J.F. Gonzalez, J.J. Rodrıguez, A. Tejedor, Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils: transesterification of cynara cardunculus l oils with ethanol. Energy Fuels 162, 443–450 (2002)
E. Crabbe, C. Nolasco-Hipolito, G. Kobayashi, K. Sonomoto, A. Ishizaki, Biodiesel production from crude palm oil and evaluation of butanol extraction and fuel properties. Process Biochem. 37, 65–71 (2001)
O. Rachmaniah, J. Yi-Hsu, R.V. Shaik, T. Ismojowati, A.S. Musfil, A study on acid-catalyzed transesterification of crude rice bran oil for biodiesel production (2001)
M.P. Simoni, R.M. Mario, R. Carlos, E.C. Wolf, G.E.S. Silva, M.A. Lima, J.I.S. Coimbra, H.V.C. Sandra, Ethanolysis of castor and cottonseed oil:a systematic study using classical catalysts. JAOCS 83(9), 819–822 (2006)
H. Noureddin, D. Zhu, Kinetics of transesterification of soyabean oil. Biocatal. Art. 74(11), 1457–1563 (1997)
D. Darnoko, M. Cheryan, Kinetics of palm oil transesterification in a batch reactor. JAOCS 77(12), 1263–1268 (2000)
A.W. Schwab, M.O. Bagby, B. Freedman, Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oils. Fuel 66, 1372–1378 (1987)
M.A. Maleque, H.H. Masjuki, S.M. Sapuan, Vegetable-based biodegradable lubricating oil additives. Ind. Lubr. Technol. 55(3), 137–143 (2003)
D.C. Drown, K. Harper, E. Frame, Screening vegetable oil alcohol esters as fuel lubricity enhancers. JAOCS 78(6), 579–585 (2001)
M.G. Kulkarni, A.K. Dalai, N.N. Bakhshi, Transesterification of canola oil in mixed methanol/ethanol system and use of esters as lubricity additive. Bioresour. Technol. 98, 2027–2033 (2007)
ASTM D5355
ASTM D445
ASTM D974
ASTM D3339
ASTM D2270
ASTM D5558
ASTM D5554
ASTM D5555
ASTM D1747
ASTM D4377
ASTM D4928
ASTM D92
ASTM D7094
ASTM D97
ASTM D2500
ASTM D1401
ASTM D3601
ASTM D3519
ASTM D 892
ASTM D2619
ASTM D2070
ASTM D6375
ASTM D2272
A. Adhvaryu, Z. Liu, S.Z. Erhan, Synthesis of novel alkoxylated triacylglycerols and their lubricant base oil properties. Ind. Crops Prod. 21, 113–119 (2005)
ASTM D3233
ASTM D2783
ASTM D4172
ASTM D6081
ASTM D5864
http://www.cottonseed.com/publications/csobro.asp, as on March 26, 2011
B. Sreenivasan, Component fatty acids of some oils and fats and composition. JAOCS 45, 259–265 (1968)
V.S. Yaliwal, S.R. Daboji, N.R. Banapurmath, P.G. Tewari, Production and utilization of renewable liquid fuel in a single cylinder four stroke direct injection compression ignition engine. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Tech. 2(10), 5938–5948 (2010)
G. Fontaras, T. Tzamkiozis, E. Hatziemmanouil, Z. Samaras, Experimental study on the potential application of cottonseed oil—diesel blends as fuels for automotive diesel engines. Trans. I Chem. E 85(B5), 396–403 (2007)
E.J. CAMPBELL, Sunflower oil. JAOCS 60(2), 387–392 (1983)
S. Mia, N. Ohno, Prospect of mustard and coconut oil as environment friendly lubricant for Bangladesh. in Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB10), Japan, Sept. 2010, pp. 120–121
F.L. Jackson, H.E. Longenecker, The fatty acids and glycerides of babassu oil. Oil Soap 21, 73–75 (1944)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sathwik Chatra, K.R., Jayadas, N.H., Kailas, S.V. (2012). Natural Oil-Based Lubricants. In: Nosonovsky, M., Bhushan, B. (eds) Green Tribology. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23681-5_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23681-5_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-23680-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-23681-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)