Abstract
The Lisbon Treaty contains relatively little that is new as regards the citizenship articles. I propose, therefore, to set the scene with a brief introduction, a little of the history and philosophy on citizenship, then to focus on the changes in the Lisbon Treaty and finally, discuss a number of recent cases in which the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) advances its interpretation of citizenship and non- discrimination, or equality, as a general principle of European Union (EU) law (Art. 9 TEU). This paper discusses some of the legislation which was adopted by the EU, based on the Citizenship Articles in the Treaty of Nice (and originally in the Treaty of Maastricht).
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Notes
- 1.
O’Keeffe and Twomey (1994).
- 2.
Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, Part II, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Union, Art. II-101.1 (2004).
- 3.
See Art. 16 et seqq. of Parliament/Council Directive 2004/38 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States, O.J. L 158/77 (2004).
- 4.
Case C-168/91 Konstantinidis v Stadt Altensteig (ECJ 30 March 1993).
- 5.
Case C-168/91 Konstantinidis v Stadt Altensteig (Opinion of Advocate General Jacobs of 9 December 1992) para 46.
- 6.
Case C-184/99 Rudy Grzelczyk v Centre public d’aide sociale d’Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve (ECJ 20 September 2001), para 31.
- 7.
Case C-378/97 Criminal proceedings against Florus Ariël Wijsenbeek (Opinion of Advocate General Cosmas of 16 March 1999) para 84 et seq.
- 8.
Case Liechtenstein v Guatamala (Nottebohm) (ICJ 6 April 1955) p. 23 (ICJ Reports 1955, p. 4).
- 9.
Quoted in Guild (1996), p. 32.
- 10.
Shaw (1998), p. 294.
- 11.
Evans (1991).
- 12.
Bull EC 12-1974, point 111, as quoted in O’Keeffe (1994), p. 87.
- 13.
Supplement 9/85. Bull EC, p. 5, in O’Keeffe (1994).
- 14.
Europe No. 5252, 11 May 1990, p. 3, in O’Keeffe (1994).
- 15.
Bull EC 6-1990, Annex 1, p.15, in O’Keeffe (1994).
- 16.
Towards a European Citizenship, Europe Documents, No. 1653, 2 October 1990, in O’Keeffe (1994).
- 17.
O’Keeffe (1994), p. 90.
- 18.
Horspool and Humphreys (2010), pp. 450 et seq.
- 19.
Shaw (2008).
- 20.
Case C-85/96 MartÃnez Sala v Freistaat Bayern (ECJ 12 May 1998).
- 21.
Case C-184/99 Rudy Grzelczyk v Centre public d’aide sociale d’Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve (ECJ 20 September 2001) paras 30 and 31.
- 22.
Case C-209/03 Dany Bidar v London Borough of Ealing (ECJ 15 March 2005) para 31.
- 23.
From Editorial Comment CMLRev. 45, No 4 August 2008 ‘Direct Democracy and the European Union…is that a threat or a promise?
- 24.
See Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union of 30 March 2010, O.J. C 83/13 (2010).
- 25.
See Editorial Comment CMLRev. 45, No 4 August 2008, p. 932.
- 26.
Case C-85/96 MartÃnez Sala v Freistaat Bayern (ECJ 12 May 1998).
- 27.
Horspool and Humphreys (2010), p. 460.
- 28.
Case C-145/04 Kingdom of Spain v United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (ECJ 12 September 2006).
- 29.
Case 24833/94 Matthews v United Kingdom (ECtHR 18 February 1999).
- 30.
Case C-300/04 Eman and Sevinger v College van burgemeester en wethouders van Den Haag (ECJ 12 September 2006).
- 31.
Article 19 EC and Art. 22 TFEU speak of an equal treatment right of nationals in comparable situations: nationals of Member States resident in other Member States have the right to vote for the EP under the same conditions as nationals.
- 32.
Case C-145/04 Spain v United Kingdom (Opinion of Advocate General Tizzano of 6 April 2006) para 67.
- 33.
German Federal Constitutional Court, 2 BvE 2, 5/08, 2 BvR 1010, 1022, 1259/08, 182/09 (Judgment of 30 June 2009) para 284 et seqq.
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Horspool, M. (2012). The Concept of Citizenship in the European Union. In: Blanke, HJ., Mangiameli, S. (eds) The European Union after Lisbon. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19507-5_10
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