Abstract
The present chapter is devoted to the central nervous system of holostean and teleostean fishes. Holostean species are restricted to only two genera, i.e. Lepisosteus (the gars), with seven species, and Amia, with a single species, i.e. Amia calva, the bowfin. These are extants of a once abundant group of bony fishes that was largely replaced in the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic era by the expanding and now dominating Teleostei.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Airhart MJ, Kriebel RM (1984) Retinal terminals in the goldfish optic tectum: identification and characterization. J Comp Neurol 226:377–390
Airhart MJ, Kriebel RM (1985) Telencephalic terminals in the major retinal synaptic lamina of the goldfish optic tectum. Brain Res 336:363–367
Airhart MJ, Shirt JO, Kriebel RM (1988) Telencephalic projections to the goldfish hypothalamus: an anterograde degeneration study. Brain Res Bull 20:503–514
Al-Akel AS, Guthrie DM, Banks JR (1986) Motor responses to localized electrical stimulation of the tectum in the freshwater perch (Perca fluviatilis). Neuroscience 19:1381–1391
Allum JHJ, Greef NG, Tokonaga A (1981) Projections to the rostral and caudal abducens nuclei in the goldfish. In: Fuchs AF, Becker W (eds) Progress in oculomotor research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 253–262
Alonso JR, Lara J, Miguel JJ, Aijón J (1987) Ruffed cells in the olfactory bulb of freshwater teleosts. I. Golgi impregnation. J Anat 155:101–107
Alonso JR, Coveñas R, Lara J (1989a) Distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the olfactory bulb of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Brain Res 490:385–389
Alonso JR, Coveñas R, Lara J, Arèvalo R, de Léon M, Aijon J (1989b) Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in a subpopulation of granule cells in the olfactory bulb of teleost fish. Brain Behav Evol 34:318–324
Alonso JR, Arèvalo R, Briñòn JG, Lara J, Wervaga E, Aijon J (1992) Parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons and fibres in the teleost cerebellum. Anat Embryol (Berl) 185:355–361
Amano M, Oka Y, Aida K, Okumoto N, Kawashima S, Hasegawa Y (1991) Immunocytochemical demonstration of salmon GnRH and chicken GnRH-II in the brain of masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou. J Comp Neurol 314:587–597
Andres KH, von During M, Petrasch E (1988) The fine structure of ampullary and tuberous electroreceptors in the South American blind catfish Pseudocetopsis spec. Anat Embryol (Berl) 177:523–535
Anglade I, Zandbergen T, Kah O (1993) Origin of the pituitary innervation in the goldfish. Cell Tissue Res 273:345–355
Anken RH, Rahmann H (1994) Brain atlas of the adult swordtail fish Xiphophorus helleri and of certain developmental stages. Fischer, Stuttgart
Arévalo R, Alonso JR, Briñón JG, GarcÃa-Ojeda E, Velasco A, Lara J, Aijón J (1992) An atlas of the brain of the tench (Tinca tinca L. 1758; Cyprinidae, teleostei). J Hirnforsch 33:487–497
Ariëns Kappers CU, Huber GC, Crosby EC (1936) The comparative anatomy of the nervous system of vertebrates, including man, 2 vols. MacMillan, New York (reprinted in 3 vols., 1967. Hafner, New York
Atema J (1971) Structures and functions of the sense of taste in the catfish (Ictalurus natalis). Brain Behav Evol 4:273–294
Atema J, Fay RR, Popper AN, Tavolga WN (eds) (1988) Sensory biology of aquatic animals. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Audet C, Chevalier G (1981) Monoaminergic innervation of the caudal neurosecretory system of the brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in relation to osmotic stimulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 45:189–203
Auerbach AA, Bennett MVL (1969a) Chemically mediated transmission at a giant fiber synapse in the central nervous system of a vertebrate. J Gen Physiol 53:183–209
Auerbach AA, Bennett MVL (1969b) A rectifying electrotonic synapse in the central nervous system of a vertebrate. J Gen Physiol 53:211–237
Baillet-Derbin C (1984) Identification of spinal motoneurones in the weakly electric fish, Eigenmannia virescens. Brain Res 295:65–76
Ballintijn CM, Alink GM (1977) Identification of respiratory motor neurons in the carp and determination of their firing characteristics and interconnections. Brain Res 136:261–276
Ballintijn CM, Roberts BL, Luiten PGM (1983) Respiratory responses to stimulation of branchial vagus nerve ganglia of a teleost fish. Respir Physiol 51:241–257
Bamford OS (1974) Respiratory neurones in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comp Biochem Physiol 48A:77–83
Barry MA, Bennett MVL (1990) Projections of giant fibers, a class of reticular interneurons, in the brain of the silver hatchetfish. Brain Behav Evol 36:391–400
Bartelmez GW (1915) Mauthner’s cell and the nucleus motorius tegmenti. J Comp Neurol 25:87–129
Bass AH (1981a) Organization of the telencephalon in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. J Morphol 169:71–90
Bass AH (1981b) Olfactory bulb efferents in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. J Morphol 169:91–111
Bass AH (1981c) Telencephalic efferents in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus: projections to the olfactory bulb and optic tectum. Brain Behav Evol 19:1–16
Bass AH (1982) Evolution of the vestibulolateral lobe of the cerebellum in electroreceptive and non electroreceptive teleosts. J Morphol 174:335–348
Bass AH (1985) Sonic motor pathways in teleost fishes: a comparative HRP study. Brain Behav Evol 27:115–131
Bass AH (1986a) Steroid-sensitive neuroeffector pathways for sonic and electric communication. Brain Behav Evol 28:7–21
Bass AH (1986b) Electric organs revisited. Evolution of a vertebrate communication and orientation organ. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds) Electroreception. Wiley, New York, pp 13–70
Bass AH (1989) Evolution of vertebrate motor systems for acoustic and electric communication: peripheral and central elements. Brain Behav Evol 33:237–247
Bass AH (1990) Sounds from the intertidal zone: vocalizing fish. Bioscience 40:249–258
Bass AH (1992) Dimorphic male brains and alternative reproductive tactics in a vocalizing fish. Trends Neurosci 15:139–145
Bass AH, Andersen K (1991) Inter-and intrasexual dimorphisms in the vocal control system of a teleost fish: motor axon number and size. Brain Behav Evol 37:204–214
Bass AH, Baker R (1991) Evolution of homologous vocal control traits. Brain Behav Evol 38:240–254
Bass AH, Hopkins CD (1982) Comparative aspects of brain organization of an African ‘wave’ electric fish, Gymnarchus niloticus. J Morphol 174:313–334
Bass AH, Hopkins CD (1983) Hormonal control of sexual differentiation: changes in electric organ discharge wave form. Science 220:971–974
Bass AH, Hopkins CD (1985) Hormonal control of sex differences in the electric organ discharge (EOD) of mormyrid fishes. J Comp Physiol 156:587–604
Bass AH, Marchaterre MA (1989a) Sound-generating (sonic) motor system in a teleost fish (Porichthys notatus): sexual polymorphism in the ultrastructure of myofibrils. J Comp Neurol 286:141–153
Bass AH, Marchaterre MA (1989b) Sound-generating (sonic) motor system in a teleost fish (Porichthys notatus): sexual polymorphism and general synaptology of sonic motor nucleus. J Comp Neurol 286:154–169
Bass AH, Segil N, Kelley DB (1986) Androgen binding in the brain and electric organ of a mormyrid fish. J Comp Physiol [A] 159:535–544
Bastian J (1974) Electrosensory input to the corpus cerebelli of the high frequency electric fish Eigenmannia virescens. J Comp Physiol 90:1–24
Bastian J (1975) Receptive fields of cerebellar cells receiving exteroceptive input in a gymnotid fish. J Neurophysiol 38:285–299
Bastian J (1976) The range of electrolocation: a comparison of electroreceptor responses and the responses of cerebellar neurons in a gymnotid fish. J Comp Physiol 108:193–210
Bastian J (1981a) Electrolocation. I. How the electroreceptors of Apteronotus albifrons code for moving objects and other electrical stimuli. J Comp Physiol 144:465–179
Bastian J (1981b) Electrolocation. II. The effects of moving objects and other electrical stimuli on the activities of two categories of posterior lateral line lobe cells in Apteronotus albifrons. J Comp Physiol 144:481–494
Bastian J (1982) Vision and electroreception: integration of sensory information in the optic tectum of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus albifrons. J Comp Physiol 147:287–297
Bastian J (1986a) Gain control in the electrosensory system mediated by descending inputs to the electrosensory lateral line lobe. J Neurosci 6:553–562
Bastian J (1986b) Gain control in the electrosensory system: a role for the descending projections to the electrosensory lateral line lobe. J Comp Physiol [A] 158:505–515
Bastian, Bratton B (1990) Descending control of electroreception. I. Properties of nucleus praeeminentialis neurons projecting indirectly to the electrosensory lateral line lobe. J Neurosci 10:1226–1240
Bastian J, Courtright J (1991) Morphological correlates of pyramidal cell adaptation rate in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of weakly electric fish. J Comp Physiol [A] 168:393–407
Bastian J, Heiligenberg W (1980a) Neural correlates of the jamming avoidance response in Eigenmannia. J Comp Physiol 136:135–152
Bastian J, Heiligenberg W (1980b) Phase sensitive midbrain neurons in Eigenmannia: neural correlates of the jamming avoidance response. Science 209:828–831
Bastian J, Yuthas J (1984) The jamming avoidance response of Eigenmannia properties of a diencephalic link between sensory processing and motor output. J Comp Physiol [A] 154:895–908
Bastian J, Courtright J, Crawford J (1993) Commissural neurons of the electrosensory lateral line lobe of Apteronotus leptorhynchus: morphological and physiological characteristics. J Comp Physiol [A] 173:257–274
Batten TFC, Cambre ML (1989) Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive fibres innervating the hypothalamic inferior lobes of teleost fishes. Neurosci Lett 98:1–7
Batten TFC, Ingleton PM, Ball JN (1979) Ultrastructural and formaldehyde-fluorescence studies on the hypothalamus of Poecilia latipinna (teleostei, cyprinodontiformes). Gen Comp Endocrinol 39:87–109
Batten TFC, Cambre ML, Moons L, Vandesande F (1990a) Comparative distribution of neuropeptide-immunoreactive systems in the brain of the green molly, Poecilia latipinna. J Comp Neurol 302:893–919
Batten TFC, Moons L, Cambre ML, Vandesande F (1990b) Anatomical distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of teleost fishes. Neurosci Lett 111:12–17
Batten TFC, Berry PA, Maqbool A, Moons L, Vandesande F (1993) Immunolocalization of catecholamine enzymes, serotonin, dopamine and L-Dopa in the brain of Dicentrar-chus labrax (Teleostei). Brain Res Bull 31:233–252
Bauchot R, Diagne M, Ridet J-M (1982) The brain of Photoblepharon palpebratus steinitzi (pisces, teleostei, anomalopidae). J Hirnforsch 21:399–404
Bauchot R, Randall JE, Ridet J-M, Bauchot M-L (1989) Encephalization in tropical teleost fishes and comparison with their mode of life. J Hirnforsch 30:645–669
Bäuerle A, Rahmann H (1993) Morphogenetic differentiation of the brain of the Cichlid Fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. J Hirnforsch 3:375–386
Bazer GI, Ebbesson SOE, Reynolds JB, Bailey RP (1987) A cobalt-lysine study of primary olfactory projections in king salmon fry (Oncorhynchus tchawytscka Walbaum). Cell Tissue Res 248:499–503
Behrend K (1977) Processing information carried in a high frequency wave: properties of cerebellar units in a high frequency electric fish. J Comp Physiol 118:357–371
Behrend K (1984) Cerebellar influence on the time structure of movement on the electric fish Eigenmannia. Neuroscience 13:171–178
Behrend K, Donicht M (1990) Descending connections from the brainstem to the spinal cord in the electric fish Eigenmannia. Quantitative description based on retrograde horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent-dye transport. Brain Behav Evol 35:227–239
Behrens UD, Douglas RH, Wagner HJ (1993) Gonadotropinreleasing hormone, a neuropeptide of efferent projections to the teleost retina induces light-adaptive spinule formation on horizontal cell dendrites in dark-adapted preparations kept in vitro. Neurosci Lett 164:59–62
Belenky MA, Polenov AL, Kornienko GG, Konstantinova MS (1985) The hypothalamo-hypophysial syste of the wild carp, Cyprinus carpio L. II. Structure and ultrastructure of the anterior neurohypophysis. Cell Tissue Res 239:211–218
Bell CC (1981a) Central distribution of octavolateral afferents and efferents in a teleost (Mormyridae). J Comp Neurol 195:391–414
Bell CC (1981b) Some central connections of medullary octavolateral centers in a mormyrid fish. In: Tavolga WN, Popper AN, Fay RR (eds) Hearing and sound communication in fishes. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 383–392
Bell CC (1986) Electroreception in mormyrid fish: central physiology. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds) Electroreception. Wiley, New York, pp 423–452
Bell CC (1989) Sensory coding and corollary discharge effects in mormyrid electric fish. J Exp Biol 6:229–253
Bell CC (1990a) Mormyromast electroreceptor organs and their afferent fibers in mormyrid fish. II. Intra-axonal recordings show initial stages of central processing. J Neurophysiol 63:303–318
Bell CC (1990b) Mormyromast electroreceptor organs and their afferent fibers in mormyrid fish. III. Physiological differences between two morphological types of fibres. J Neurophysiol 63:319–332
Bell CC (1993) The generation of expectations in the electrosensory lobe of mormyrid fish. J Comp Physiol [A] 173:677–680
Bell CC, Grant K (1989) Corollary discharge inhibition and preservation of temporal information in a sensory nucleus of mormyrid electric fish. J Neurosci 9:1029–1044
Bell CC, Grant K (1992) Sensory processing and corollary discharge effects in mormyromast regions of mormyrid electrosensory lobe. II. Cell types and corollary discharge plasticity. J Neurophysiol 68:859–875
Bell CC, Russell CJ (1978) Termination of electroreceptor and mechanical lateral line afferents in the mormyrid acousticolateral area. J Comp Neurol 182:367–382
Bell CC, Szabo T (1986) Central structures and pathways of the mormyrid electrosensory system. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds) Electroreception. Wiley, New York, pp 375–421
Bell CC, Finger TE, Russell CJ (1981) Central connections of the posterior lateral line lobe in mormyrid fish. Exp Brain Res 42:9–22
Bell CC, Grant K, Serrier J (1992) Sensory processing and corollary discharge effects in the mormyromast response of the mormyrid electrosensory lobe. I. Field potentials, cellular activity in associated structures. J Neurophysiol 68:843–858
Bell CC, Libouban S, Szabo T (1983) Pathways of the electric organ discharge command and its corollary discharges in mormyrid fish. J Comp Neurol 216:327–338
Bell CC, Zakon H, Finger TE (1989) Mormyromast electroreceptor organs and their afferent fibers in mormyrid fish. I. Morphology. J Comp Neurol 286:391–407
Bell CC, Hopkins CD, Grant K (eds) (1993a) Contributions of electrosensory systems to neurobiology and neuroethology. Proceedings of a conference in honor of the scientific career of Thomas Szabo. J Comp Physiol [A] 173:657–763
Bell CC, Caputi A, Grant K, Serrier J (1993b) Storage of a sensory pattern by anti-Hebbian synaptic plasticity in an electric fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:4650–4654
Beltramo M, Krieger M, Tillet Y, Thibault J, Calas A, Mazzi Y, Franzoni MF (1994) Immunolocalization of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in goldfish (Carassius auratus) brain. J Comp Neurol 343:209–227
Benedetti I, Mola L (1988) Survey of neuropeptide-like immunoreactivity in supramedullary neurons of Coris julis (L). Brain Res 449:373–376
Benedetti I, Calzolari C, Marini M, Mola L (1988) The spinal cord of Trigla lucerna L. (teleost): preliminary observations on peculiar dorsal neurons. Abstracts from the 18th European Neurosciene Meeting, p 31
Bennett MVL, Pappas GD (1983) The electromotor system of the stargazer: a model for integrative actions at electrotonic synapses. J Neurosci 3:748–761
Bennett MVL, Sandri C (1989) The electromotor system of the electric eel investigated with horseradish peroxidase as a retrograde tracer. Brain Res 488:22–30
Bennett MVL, Nakajima Y, Pappas GD (1967a) Physiology and ultrastructure of electrotonic junctions. I. Supramedullary neurons. J Neurophysiol 30:161–179
Bennett MVL, Pappas GD, Aljure E, Nakajima Y (1967b) Physiology and ultrastructure of electrotonic junctions. II. Spinal and medullary electromotor nuclei in mormyrid fish. J Neurophysiol 30:180–208
Bennett MVL, Nakajima Y, Pappas GD (1967c) Physiology and ultrastructure of electrotonic junctions. III. Giant electromotor neurons of Malapterurus electricus. J Neurophysiol 30:209–235
Bennett MVL, Pappas GD, Giménez M, Nakajima Y (1967d) Physiology and ultrastructure of electrotonic junctions. IV. Medullary electromotor nuclei in gymnotid fish. J Neurophysiol 30:236–300
Bergqvist H (1932) Zur Morphologie des Zwischenhirns bei niedrigen Wirbeltieren. Acta Zool (Stockh) 13:57–303
Berlind A (1973) Caudal neurosecretory system: a physiologist’s view. Am Zool 13:759–770
Bern HA, Takasugi N (1962) The caudal neurosecretory system of fishes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2:96–110
Bernhardt R (1989) Axonal pathfinding during the regeneration of the goldfish optic pathway. J Comp Neurol 284:119–134
Bernhardt R, Easter SS Jr (1986) Maps of retinal position onto the cross section of the optic pathway of goldfish. J Comp Neurol 254:493–510
Bernhardt R, Chitnis AB, Lindamer L, Kuwada JY (1990) Identification of spinal neurons in the embryonic and larval zebrafish. J Comp Neurol 302:603–616
Bernhardt R, Nguyen N, Kuwada JY (1992a) Growth cone guidance by floor plate cells in the spinal cord of zebrafish embryos. Neuron 8:869–882
Bernhardt R, Patel CK, Wilson SW, Kuwada JY (1992b) Axonal trajectories and distribution of GABAergic spinal neurons in wildtype and mutant zebrafish lacking floor plate cells. J Comp Neurol 326:263–272
Bernocchi G, Biggiogena M, Barni S (1987) Comparative aspects of cerebellar architecture in the European eel life cycle. J Morphol 191:25–36
Bleckmann H, Zelick R (1993) The responses of peripheral and central mechanosensory lateral line units of weakly electric fish to moving objects. J Comp Physiol [A] 172:115–128
Bleckmann H, Niemann U, Fritzsch B (1991) Peripheral and central aspects of the acoustic and lateral line system of a bottom dwelling catfish Ancistrus sp. J Comp Neurol 314:452–466
Bodega G, Suárez I, Rubio M, Villalba RM, Fernández B (1993) Astroglial pattern in the spinal cord of the adult barbel (Barbus comiza). Anat Embryol (Berl) 187:385–395
Bodian D (1937) The structure of the vertebrate synapse. A study of the axon endings on Mauthner’s cell and neighboring centers in the goldfish. J Comp Neurol 48:117–159
Bolliet V, Ali MA (1992) Immunohistochemical study of the development of serotoninergic neurons in the brain of the brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Brain Behav Evol 40:234–249
Bonn U (1990) NPY-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the teleost Tinca tinca (Cyprinidae). J Hirnforsch 3:323–330
Bonn U, König B (1988) FMRF amide-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of Xenotica eisenii (Cyprinidontiformes, Teleostei). J Hirnforsch 29:121–131
Bonn U, König B (1989a) Distribution of somatostatin (SRIF) in the brain and pituitary of Eigenmannia lineata (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei). An immunohistochemical study. J Hirnforsch 30:203–212
Bonn U, König B (1989b) FMRF amide immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of Carassius auratus (Cyprinidae, Teleostei). J Hirnforsch 30:361–370
Bonn U, König B (1990) Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of Eigenmannia lineata (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei). J Hirnforsch 31:297–306
Bonn U, Kramer B (1987) Distribution of monoaminecontaining neurons in the brain of the weakly electric teleost, Eigenmannia lineata (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei). Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch (Lpz) 101:339–362
Borg B, Goos HJT, Terlou M (1982) LHRH-immunoreactive cells in the brain of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Gasterosteidae). Cell Tissue Res 226:695–699
Bosch TJ, Paul DH (1993) Differential responses of single reticulospinal cells to spatially localized stimulation of the optic tectum in a teleost fish, Salmo trutta. Eur J Neurosci 5:742–450
Boyle R, Carey JP, Highstein SM (1991) Morphological correlates of response dynamics and efferent stimulation in horizontal semicircular canal afferents of the toadfish, Opsanus tau. J Neurophysiol 66:1504–1521
Braford MR Jr (1982) African, but not Asian, notopterid fishes are electroreceptive. Evidence from brain characters. Neurosci Lett 32:35–39
Braford MR Jr (1986a) De Gustibus non est disputandum: a spiral center for taste in the brain of the teleost fish, Heterotis niloticus. Science 232:489–491
Braford MR Jr (1986b) African knife fishes: the Xenomystines. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds) Electroreception. Wiley, New York, pp 453–464
Braford MR Jr, Northcutt RG (1983) Organization of the diencephalon and pretectum of the ray-finned fishes. In: Davis RE, Northcutt RG (eds) Fish neurobiology. 2. Higher brain areas and functions. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 117–163
Brandstätter R, Kotrschal K (1990) Brain growth patterns in four European cyprinid fish species (Cyprinidae, Teleostei): Roach (Rutilus rutilus), Bream (Abramis brama), Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Sabre Carp (Pelecus cultratus). Brain Behav Evol 35:195–211
Brantley RK, Bass AH (1988) Cholinergic neurons in the brain of a teleost fish (Porichthys notatus) located with a monoclonal antibody to choline acetyltransferase. J Comp Neurol 275:87–205
Bratton B, Bastian J (1990) Descending control of electroreception. II. Properties of nucleus praeeminentialis neurons projecting directly to the electrosensory lateral line lobe. J Neurosci 10:1241–1253
Braun N, Schikorski T, Zimmermann H (1993) Cytoplasmic segregation and cytoskeletal organization in the electric catfish giant electromotoneuron with special reference to the axon hillock region. Neuroscience 52:745–756
Brickner RM (1929) A description and interpretation of certain parts of the teleostean midbrain and thalamus. J Comp Neurol 47:225–282
Brochu G, Maler L, Hawkes R (1990) Zebrin II: a polypeptide antigen expressed selectively by Purkinje cells reveals compartments in rat and fish cerebellum. J Comp Neurol 291:538–552
Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds) (1986) Electroreception. Wiley, New York
Bullock TH, Northcutt RG (1982) A new electroreceptive teleost: Xenomystus nigri (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae). J Comp Physiol 148:345–352
Bullock TH, Northcutt RG, Bodznick DA (1982) Evolution of electroreception. Trends Neurosci 5:50–53
Bullock TH, Bodznick DA, Northcutt RG (1983) The phylogenetic distribution of electroreception: evidence for convergent evolution of a primitive vertebrate sense modality. Brain Res Rev 6:2–46
Bullock TH, Hofmann MH, Nahm FK, New JG, Prechtl JC (1990) Event-related potentials in the retina and optic tecturn of fish. J Neurophysiol 64:903–914
Bunt SM (1982) Retinotopic and temporal organization of the optic nerve and tracts in the adult goldfish. J Comp Neurol 206:209–226
Burgess JW, Coss RG (1980) Crowded jewel fish show changes in dendritic spine density and spine morphology. Neurosci Lett 17:277–281
Burgess JW, Coss RG (1983) Rapid effect of biologically relevant stimulation on tectal neurons: changes in dendritic spine morphology after nine minutes are retained for twenty-four hours. Brain Res 266:217–223
Busse U, Stuermer CAO (1989) Evidence for the stability of positional markers in the goldfish tectum. J Comp Neurol 288:538–554
Butler AB (1992) Variation in tectal morphology in teleost fishes. Brain Behav Evol 40:256–272
Butler AB (1994) The evolution of the dorsal thalamus of jawed vertebrates, including mammals: cladistic analysis and a new hypothesis. Brain Res Rev 19:29–65
Butler AB, Northcutt RG (1992) Retinal projections in the bowfin, Amia calva: cytoarchitectonic and experimental analysis. Brain Behav Evol 39:169–194
Butler AB, Northcutt RG (1993) The diencephalon of the pacific herring, Clupea harengus: cytoarchitectonic analysis. J Comp Neurol 328:527–546
Butler AB, Saidel WM (1991) Retinal projections in the freshwater butterfly fish, Pantodon buchholzi (Osteoglossoidei). I. Cytoarchitectonic analyses and primary visual pathways. Brain Behav Evol 38:127–153
Butler AB, Saidel WM (1992) Tectal projection to an unusual nucleus in the diencephalon of a teleost fish, Pantodon buchholzi. Neurosci Lett 145:193–196
Butler AB, Wullimann MF, Northcutt RG (1991) Comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis of some visual pretectal nuclei in teleosts. Brain Behav Evol 38:92–114
Cabrera B, Torres B, Pásaro R, Pastor AM, Delgado-GarcÃa JM (1991) A morphological study of abducens nucleus motoneurons and internuclear neurons in the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Brain Res Bull 28:137–144
Caird DM (1978) A simple cerebellar system: the lateral line lobe of the goldfish. J Comp Physiol 127:61–74
Campbell CBG, Ebbesson SOE (1969) The optic system of a teleost: Holocentrus re-examined. Brain Behav Evol 2:415–430
Canfield JG, Rose GJ (1993) Electrosensory modulation of escape responses. J Comp Physiol [A] 173:463–474
Caprio J, Brand JG, Teeter JH, Valentincic T, Kalinoski DL, Kohbara J, Kumazawa T, Wegert S (1993) The taste system of the channel catfish: from biophysics to behavior. Trends Neurosci 16:192–197
Carr CE, Maler L (1985) A Golgi study of the cell types of the dorsal torus semicircularis of the electric fish Eigenmannia: functional and morphological diversity in the midbrain. J Comp Neurol 235:207–240
Carr CE, Maler L (1986) Electroreception in gymnotiform fish. Central anatomy and physiology. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds) Electroreception. Wiley, New York, pp 319–374
Carr CE, Maler L, Heiligenberg W, Sas E (1981) Laminar organization of the afferent and efferent systems of the torus semicircularis of gymnotiform fish: morphological substrates for parallel processing in the electrosensory system. J Comp Neurol 203:649–670
Carr CE, Maler L, Sas E (1982) Peripheral organization and central projections of the electrosensory nerves in gymnotiform fish. J Comp Neurol 211:139–153
Carr CE, Heiligenberg W, Rose GJ (1986a) A timecomparison circuit in the electric fish midbrain. I. Behavior and physiology. J Neurosci 6:107–119
Carr CE, Maler L, Taylor B (1986b) A time-comparison circuit in the electric fish midbrain. II. Functional morphology. J Neurosci 6:1372–1383
Caruncho HJ, Rodriguez-Moldes I, Anadón R (1990a) A freeze-fracture study of the soma membranes of monoaminergic neurons in the hypothal. N rec post of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.). J Hirnforsch 31:575–584
Caruncho HJ, Rodriguez-Moldes I, Lanas J, Anadón R (1990b) Freeze-fracture study of synaptic contacts in the neuropil of the tuberal hypothalamus of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.). J Hirnforsch 31:689–696
Celio MR, Gray EG, Yasargil GM (1979) Ultrastructure of the Mauthner axon collateral and its synapses in the goldfish spinal cord. J Neurocytol 8:19–29
Cepriano LM, Schreibman MP (1993) The distribution of neuropeptide Y and dynorphin immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary gland of the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, from birth to sexual maturity. Cell Tissue Res 271:87–92
Chan DKO, Bern HA (1976) The caudal neurosecretory system. A critical evaluation of the two-hormone hypothesis. Cell Tissue Res 174:339–354
Chang YT, Liu JW, Faber DS (1987) Spinal inputs to the ventral dendrite of the teleost Mauthner cell. Brain Res 417:205–213
Choms A, Probst W, Rahmann H (1981) Ultrastrukturelle Unterschiede in der Morphologie des Tectum opticum von Karpfen (Cyprinus carpio) und Forelle (Salmo gairdneri) unter besondere Berücksichtigung der Synapsen. J Hirnforsch 22:299–306
Claas B, Münz H (1980) Bony fish lateral line efferent neurons identified by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Brain Res 193:249–253
Claas B, Münz H (1981) Projections of lateral line afferents in a teleost’s brain. Neurosci Lett 23:287–290
Claas B, Fritzsch B, Münz H (1981) Common efferents to lateral line and labyrinthine hair cells in aquatic vertebrates. Neurosci Lett 27:231–235
Cohen SL, Kriebel RM (1989a) Terminal processes of serotonin neurons in the caudal spinal cord of the molly, Poecilia latipinna, project to the leptomeninges and urophysis. Cell Tissue Res 255:619–625
Cohen SL, Kriebel RM (1989b) Brainstem location of serotonin neurons projecting to the caudal neurosecretory complex. Brain Res Bull 22:481–487
Cohen SL, Miller KE, Kriebel RM (1990) Distribution of serotonin in the caudal neurosecretory complex. A light and electron microscopic study. Anat Embryol (Berl) 181:491–498
Collin SP (1989) Anterograde labelling from the optic nerve reveals multiple central targets in the teleost, Lethrius chrysostomus (Paxiformes). Cell Tissue Res 256:327–335
Collin SP, Collin HB (1988) Topographic analysis of the retinal ganglion cell layer and optic nerve in the sandlance Limnichthyes fasciatus (Creeiidae, Perciformes). J Comp Neurol 278:226–241
Contestabile A, Villani L, Ciani F (1977) Ultrastructural analysis on acetylcholinesterase localization in the cerebellar cortex. Anat Embryol (Berl) 152:15–27
Contestabile A, Villani L, Bissoli R, Poli A, Migani P (1986) Cholinergic, GABAergic and excitatory amino acidic neurotransmission in the goldfish vagal lobe. Exp Brain Res 63:301–309
Cook JE, Rankin ECC, Stevens HP (1983) A pattern of optic axons in the normal goldfish tectum consistent with the caudal migration of optic terminals during development. Exp Brain Res 52:147–151
Coombs S, Görner P, Münz H (eds) (1989) The mechanosensory lateral line. Neurobiology and evolution. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Corio M, Peute J, Steinbusch HWM (1991) Distribution of serotonin-and dopamine-immunoreactivity in the brain of the teleost Clarias gariepinus. J Chem Neuroanat 4:79–95
Cornbrooks EB, Parsons RL (1991a) Sexually dimorphic distribution of a galanin-like peptide in the central nervous system of the teleost fish Poecilia latipinna. J Comp Neurol 304:639–657
Cornbrooks EB, Parsons RL (1991b) Source of sexually dimorphic galanin-like immunoreactive projections in the teleost fish Poecilia latipinna. J Comp Neurol 304:658–665
Corujo A, Anadón R (1990) The development of the diencephalon of the Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Thalamus and hypothalamus. J Hirnforsch 31:669–680
Coss RG, Globus A (1978) Spine systems on tectal interneurons in jewel fish are shortened by social stimulation. Science 200:787–790
Coss RG, Globus A (1979) Social experience affects the development of dendritic spines and branches on tectal interneurons in the jewel fish. Dev Psychobiol 12:347–358
Crapon de Caprona MD, Fritzsch B (1983) The development of the retinopetal nucleus olfacto-retinalis of two cichlid fish as revealed by horseradish peroxidase. Dev Brain Res 11:281–301
Crawford JD (1993) Central auditory neurophysiology of a sound-producing fish: the mesencephalon of Pollimyrus isidori (Mormyridae). J Comp Physiol [A] 172:139–152
Crispino L (1983) Modification of responses from specific sensory systems in midbrain by cerebellar stimulation: experiments on a teleost fish. J Neurophysiol 19:3–15
Cuadrado MI (1987) The cytoarchitecture of the torus semicircularis in the teleost Barbus meridionalis. J Morphol 191:233–245
Cuadrado MI (1989) A quantitative study of the torus semicircularis of Barbus meridionalis. J Hirnforsch 30:371–374
Cuadrado MI, Coveñas R, Tramu G (1992a) Neuropeptides in the torus semicircularis of the carp (Cyprinus carpio). Brain Res Bull 28:593–598
Cuadrado MI, Coveñas R, Tramu G (1992b) Neuropeptides and monoamines in the torus semicircularis of the carp (Cyprinus carpio). Brain Res Bull 29:529–539
Cumming R, Reaves TA, Hayward JN (1981) Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of enkephalin in the goldfish preoptic nucleus. Neurosci Lett 27:313–318
Danielson PD, Zottoli SJ, Corrodi JG, Rhodes KJ, Mufson EJ (1988) Localization of choline acetyltransferase to somata of posterior lateral line efferents in the goldfish. Brain Res 448:158–161
Davis MR, Fernald RD (1990) Social control of neuronal soma size. J Neurobiol 21:1180–1188
Davis RE, Kassel J (1983) Behavioral functions of the teleostean telencephalon. In: Davis RE, Northcutt RG (eds) Fish neurobiology. 2. Higher brain areas and functions. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 237–263
Davis RE, Kyle A, Klinger PD (1988) Nervus terminals innervation of the goldfish retina and behavioral visual sensitivity. Neurosci Lett 91:126–130
Davis RE, Wilmot GR, Cha J-HJ (1992) Glutamic acidinsensitive [3H]kainic acid binding in goldfish brain. Brain Res 571:73–78
De Graaf F, van Raamsdonk W, van Asselt E, Diegenbach PC (1990) Identification of motoneurons in the spinal cord of the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio), with special reference to motoneurons that innervate intermediate muscle fibers. Anat Embryol (Berl) 182:93–102
De Graaf P (1989) Control of respiration in the carp (Cyprinus carpio L). Mechanoreceptor input and respiratory rhythm. Thesis, University of Groningen, Netherlands
Demski LS (1992) Chromatophore systems in teleosts and cephalopods: a levels oriented analysis of convergent systems. Brain Behav Evol 40:141–156
Demski LS, Knigge KM (1971) The telencephalon and hypothalamus of the bluegill Lepomis macrochirus: evoked feeding aggressive and reproductive behavior with representative frontal sections. J Comp Neurol 143:1–16
Demski LS, Northcutt RG (1983) The terminal nerve: a new chemosensory system in vertebrates. Science 220:435–437
Demski LS, Sloan HE (1985) A direct magnocellular-preopticospinal pathway in goldfish: implications for control of sex behavior. Neurosci Lett 55:283–288
Demski LS, Evan AP, Saland LC (1975) The structure of the inferior lobe of the teleost hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 161:483–498
Denizot JP, Libouban S, Szabo T (1983) Anatomical study and HRP identification of electromotoneurons and motoneurons in the spinal cord of Gymnarchus niloticus. Exp Brain Res 53:99–108
Denizot JP, Clausse S, Elekes K, Geffard M, Grant K, Libouban S, Ravaille-Veron M, Szabo T (1987) Convergence of electrotonic club endings, GABA-and serotoninergic terminals on second order neurons of the electrosensory pathway in mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii and Brienomyrus niger (teleostei). Cell Tissue Res 249:301–309
De Rosa F, Fine ML (1988) Primary connections of the anterior and posterior lateral line nerves in the oyster toadfish. Brain Behav Evol 31:312–317
De Waegh S, Maslam S, Roberts BL (1985) Cells of origin of pathways descending to the spinal cord. J Physiol (Lond) 366:978
De Wolf FA, Schellart NAM, Hoogland PV (1983) Octavolateral projections to the torus semicircularis of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. Neurosci Lett 38:209–213
DÃaz SM, Anadón R (1989) Central projections of the lateral line nerves of Chelon labrosus (Teleosts, order Perciformes). J Hirnforsch 30:339–347
DÃaz-Regueira S, Anadón R (1990) Primary nerve projections and primary nuclei of the octaval nerve in the teleost Chelon labrosus. An HRP study. J Hirnforsch 31:705–714
DÃaz-Regueira S, Anadón R (1992) Central projections of the vagus nerve in Chelon labrosus Risso (Teleostei, O. Perciformes). Brain Behav Evol 40:297–310
DiDomenico R, Nissanov J, Eaton RC (1988) Lateralization and adaption of a continuously variable behavior following lesions of a reticulospinal command neuron. Brain Res 473:15–28
Diez C, Lara J, Alonso JR, Miguel JJ, Aijon J (1987) Microscopic structure of the brain of Barbus meridionalis Risso. I. Telencephalon. J Hirnforsch 28:255–269
Donald JA, Evans DH (1992) Immunohistochemical localisation of natriuretic peptides in the heart and brain of the gulf toadfish Opsanus beta. Cell Tissue Res 269:151–158
Douglas RH, Djamgoz MBA (eds) (1990) The visual system of fish. Chapman and Hall, London
Dulka JG (1993) Sex pheromone systems in goldfish: comparisons to vomeronasal systems in tetrapods. Brain Behav Evol 42:265–280
Dunn-Meynell AA, Sharma SC (1984) Changes in the topographically organized connections between the nucleus isthmi and the optic tectum after partial tectal ablation in adult goldfish. J Comp Neurol 227:497–510
Dunn-Meynell AA, Sharma SC (1986) The visual system of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). I. Retinal ganglion cell morphology. J Comp Neurol 247:32–55
Dunn-Meynell AA, Sharma SC (1988) Visual system of the channel catfish ictalurus-punctatus III. Fiber order in the optic nerve and optic tract. J Comp Neurol 268:299–312
Dunn-Meynell AA, Prasada Rao PD, Sharma SC (1983) The ipsilateral retinotectal projection in normal and albino channel catfish. Neurosci Lett 36:25–31
Dye J (1987) Dynamics and stimulus-dependence of pacemaker control during behavioral modulations in the weakly electric fish, Apteronotus. J Comp Physiol [A] 161:175–185
Dye J (1988) An in vitro physiological preparation of a vertebrate communicatory behavior: chirping in the weakly electric fish: Apteronotus. J Comp Physiol [A] 163:445–458
Dye J (1991) Ionic and synaptic mechanisms underlying a brainstem oscillator: an in vitro study of the pacemaker nucleus of Apteronotus. J Comp Physiol [A] 168:521–532
Dye J, Heiligenberg W (1987) Intracellular recording in the medullary pacemaker nucleus of the weakly electric fish, Apteronotus, during modulatory behavior. J Comp Physiol [A] 161:187–200
Dye JC, Meyer JH (1986) Central control of the electric organ discharge in weakly electric fish. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds) Electroreception. Wiley, New York, pp 71–102
Easter SS, Stuermer CAO (1984) An evaluation of the hypothesis of shifting terminals in goldfish optic tectum. J Neurosci 4:1052–1063
Easter SS, Bratton B, Scherer SS (1984) Growth related order of the retinal fiber layer in goldfish. J Neurosci 8:2173–2190
Eaton RC, Bombardieri RA, Meyer DL (1977) The Mauthnerinitiated startle response in teleost fish. J Exp Biol 66:65–81
Eaton RC, DiDomenico R, Nissanov J (1991) Role of the Mauthner cell in sensorimotor integration by the brain stem escape network. Brain Behav Evol 37:272–285
Ebbesson SOE (1980) A visual thalamo-telencephalic pathway in a teleost fish (Holocentrus rufus). Cell Tissue Res 213:505–508
Ebbesson SOE, Meyer DL (1981) Efferents to the retina have multiple sources in teleost fish. Science 214:924–926
Ebbesson SOE, Meyer DL (1989) Retinopetal cells exist in the optic tectum of steelhead trout. Neurosci Lett 106:95–98
Ebbesson SOE, Vanegas H (1976) Projections of the optic tectum in two teleost species. J Comp Neurol 165:161–180
Ebbesson SOE, Meyer DL, Scheich H (1981) Connections of the olfactory bulb in the piranha (Serrasalmus nattereri). Cell Tissue Res 216:167–180
Echteier SM (1984) Connections of the auditory midbrain in a teleost fish, Cyprinus carpio. J Comp Neurol 230:536–551
Echteier SM (1985a) Organization of central auditory pathways in a teleost fish, Cyprinus carpio. J Comp Physiol [A] 156:267–280
Echteler SM (1985b) Tonotopic organization in the midbrain of a teleost fish. Brain Res 338:387–391
Echteler SM, Saidel WM (1981) Forebrain connections in the goldfish support telencephalic homologies with land vertebrates. Science 212:683–685
Eisen JS (1991) Determination of primary motoneuron identity in deelping zebrafish embryos. Science 252:569–571
Eisen JS, Myers PZ, Westerfield M (1986) Pathway selection by growth cones of identified motoneurones in live zebra fish embryos. Nature 320:269–271
Eisen JS, Pike SH, Romancier B (1990) An identified motoneuron with variable fates in embryonic zebrafish. J Neurosci 10:34–43
Ekström P (1982) Retinofugal projections in the eel (Anguilla anguilla L., Teleostei), visualized by the cobalt-filling technique. Cell Tissue Res 225:507–524
Ekström P (1984) Central neural connections of the pineal organ and retina in the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus L. J Comp Neurol 226:321–335
Ekström P (1987a) Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive neurons in the brain of a cyprinid teleost (Phoxinus phoxinus L.). J Comp Neurol 256:494–516
Ekström P (1987b) Photoreceptors and CSF contacting neurons in the pineal organ of a teleost fish have direct axonal connections with the brain: an HRP study. J Neurosci 7:987–995
Ekström P, Ebbesson SOE (1988) The left habenular nucleus contains a discrete serotonin-immunoreactive subnucleus in the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Neurosci Lett 91:121–125
Ekström P, Ebbesson SOE (1989) Distribution of serotoninimmunoreactive neurons in the brain of sockey salmon fry. J Chem Neuroanat 2:201–213
Ekström P, Korf H-W (1985) Pineal neurons projecting to the brain of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson (Teleostei). In vitro retrograde filling with horseradish peroxidase. Cell Tissue Res 240:693–700
Ekström P, Korf H-W (1986a) Putative cholinergic elements in the photosensory pineal organ and retina of a teleost, Phoxinus phoxinus L. (Cyprinidae). Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity, acetylcholinesterasepositive elements, and pinealofugally projecting neurons. Cell Tissue Res 246:321–329
Ekström P, Korf H-W (1986b) Substance P-like immunoreactive neurons in the photosensory pineal organ of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson (Teleostei). Cell Tissue Res 246:359–364
Ekström P, van Veen T (1983) Central connections of the pineal organ in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Teleostei). Cell Tissue Res 232:141–155
Ekström P, van Veen T (1984) Distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in the brain of the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus L. J Comp Neurol 226:307–320
Ekström P, Nyberg L, van Veen T (1985) Ontogenetic development of serotoninergic neurons in the brain of a teleost, the three-spined stickleback. An immunohistochemical analysis. Dev Brain Res 17:209–224
Ekström P, Reschke M, Steinbusch HWM, Veen T (1986) Distribution of noradrenaline in the brain of the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus L.: an immunohistochemical analysis. J Comp Neurol 254:297–313
Ekström P, Foster RG, Korf H-W, Schalken JJ (1987) Antibodies against photoreceptor-specific proteins reveal axonal projections from the photosensory pineal organ in teleosts. J Comp Neurol 265:25–33
Ekström P, Honkanen T, Ebbesson SOE (1988) FMRFamidelike immunoreactive neurons of the nervus terminalis of teleosts innervate both retina and pineal organ. Brain Res 460:68–75
Ekström P, Honkanen T, Steinbusch HWM (1990) Distribution of dopamine-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and fibers in the brain of a teleost, G. aculeatus. Comparison with TH-and DBH-IR neurons. J Chem Neuroanat 3:233–260
Ekström P, Honkanen T, Borg B (1992) Development of tyrosine hydroxylase-, dopamine-and dopamine β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in a teleost, the three-spined stickleback. J Chem Neuroanat 5:481–501
Ekström P, Honkanen T, Borg B (1994) Development if central catecholaminerigic neurons in teleosts. In: Smeets WJAJ, Reiner A (eds) Phylogeny and development of catecholamine systems in the CNS of vertebrates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 325–342
Elekes K, Szabo T (1981) Synaptology of the command (pacemaker) nucleus in the brain of the weakly electric fish, Sternarchus (Apteronotus) albifrons. Neuroscience 6:443–460
Elekes K, Szabo T (1982) Synaptic organization in the pacemaker nucleus of a medium frequency-weakly electric fish, Eigenmannia sp. Brain Res 237:267–281
Elekes K, Szabo T (1985a) Synaptology of the medullary command (pacemaker) nucleus of the weakly electric fish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus) with particular reference to comparative aspects. Exp Brain Res 60:509–520
Elekes K, Szabo T (1985b) The mormyrid brainstem-III. Ultrastructure and synaptic organization of the medullary ‘pacemaker’ nucleus. Neuroscience 15:431–443
Elekes K, Ravaille M, Bell CC, Libouban S, Szabo T (1985) The mormyrid brainstem. II. The medullary electromotor relay nucleus: an ultrastructural horseradish peroxidase study. Neuroscience 15:417–429
Ellis DB, Szabo T (1980) Identification of different cell types in the command (pacemaker) nucleus of several gymnoti-form species by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Neuroscience 5:1917–1929
Enger PS, Libouban S, Szabo T (1976a) Fast conducting electrosensory pathway in the mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii. Neurosci Lett 2:133–136
Enger PS, Libouban S, Szabo T (1976b) Rhombomesencephalic connections in the fast conducting electrosensory system of the mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii. An HRP study. Neurosci Lett 3:239–243
Erdö SL, Meyer DL, Malz CR, Hormann MH, Ebbesson SOE (1992) Changes in ligand binding to GABA, receptor sites in pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) brain during spawning migration and ‘aging’. J Hirnforsch 33:467–469
Evan AP, Demski LS, Saland LC (1976) The lateral recess of the third ventricle in teleosts: an electron microscopic and Golgi study. Cell Tissue Res 166:521–530
Faber DS, Korn H, Lin J-W (1991) Role of medullary networks and postsynaptic membrane properties in regulating Mauthner cell responsiveness to sensory excitation. Brain Behav Evol 37:286–297
Fasolo A, Mazzi V, Franzoni MF (1978) A Golgi study of the hypothalamus of Actinopterygii. II. The posterior hypothalamus. Cell Tissue Res 191:433–447
Fay RR, Hillery CM, Bolan K (1982) Representation of sound pressure and particle motion information in the midbrain of the goldfish. Comp Biochem Physiol 71A:181–191
Fernald RD (1982) Retinal projections in the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni. J Comp Neurol 206:379–389
Fernald RD, Shelton LC (1985) The organization of the diencephalon and the pretectum in the fish Haplochromis burtoni. J Comp Neurol 238:202–217
Fetcho JR (1986) The organization of the motoneurons innervating the axial musculature of vertebrates. I. Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and mudpuppies (Necturus maculosus). J Comp Neurol 249:521–550
Fetcho JR (1991) Spinal network of the Mauthner cell. Brain Behav Evol 37:298–316
Fetcho JR (1992a) Excitation of motoneurons by the Mauthner axon in goldfish: complexities in a’ simple’ reticulospinal pathway. J Neurophysiol 67:1574–1586
Fetcho JR (1992b) The spinal motor system in early vertebrates and some of its evolutionary changes. Brain Behav Evol 40:82–97
Fetcho JR, Faber DS (1988) Identification of motoneurons and interneurons in the spinal network for escapes initiated by the Mauthner cell in goldfish. J Neurosci 8:4192–4213
Fetcho JR, Svoboda KR (1993) Fictive swimming elicited by electrical stimulation of the midbrain in goldfish. J Neurophysiol 70:765–780
Fiebig E, Ebbesson SOE, Meyer DL (1983) Afferent connections of the optic tectum in the piranha (Serrasalmus nattereri). Cell Tissue Res 231:55–72
Figdor MC, Stern CD (1993) Segmental organization of embryonic diencephalon. Nature 363:630–633
Fine ML (1989) Embryonic, larval and adult development of the sonic neuromuscular system in the oyster toadfish. Brain Behav Evol 34:13–24
Fine ML, Mosca PJ (1989) Anatomical study of the innervation pattern of the sonic muscle of the oyster toadfish. Brain Behav Evol 34:265–272
Fine ML, Winn HE, Olla BL (1977) Sound production in fishes. In: Sebeok TA (ed) How animals communicate. University of Indiana Press, Bloomington, pp 472–518
Fine ML, Keefer DA, Leichretz GR (1982) Testosterone uptake in the brainstem of a sound producing fish. Science 215:1265–1267
Fine ML, Economus D, Radtke R, McClung JR (1984) Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism of the sonic motor nucleus in the oyster toadfish. J Comp Neurol 225:105–110
Fine ML, Burns NM, Harris T (1990a) Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism of sonic muscle in the oyster toadfish. Can J Zool 68:1374–1381
Fine ML, Keefer DA, Russel-Mergenthal H (1990b) Autoradiographic localization of estrogen-concentrating cells in the brain and pituitary of the oyster toadfish. Brain Res 536:207–219
Finger TE (1975) The distribution of the olfactory tracts in the bullhead catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus. J Comp Neurol 161:125–141
Finger TE (1976) Gustatory pathways in the bullhead catfish. I. Connections of the anterior ganglion. J Comp Neurol 165:513–526
Finger TE (1978a) Gustatory pathways in the bullhead catfish. II. Facial lobe connections. J Comp Neurol 180:691–705
Finger TE (1978b) Cerebellar afferents in teleost catfish (Ictaluridae). J Comp Neurol 181:173–182
Finger TE (1978c) Efferent neurons of the teleost cerebellum. Brain Res 153:608–614
Finger TE (1980) Nonolfactory sensory pathway to the telencephalon in a teleost fish. Science 210:671–673
Finger TE (1981) Enkephalinergic immunoreactivity in the gustatory lobes and visceral nuclei in the brains of goldfish and catfish. Neuroscience 6:2747–2758
Finger TE (1982) Somatotopy in the representation of the pectoral fin and free fin rays in the spinal cord of the sea robin, Prionotus carolinus. Biol Bull 163:154–161
Finger TE (1983a) Organization of the teleost cerebellum. In: Northcutt RG, Davis RE (eds) Fish neurobiology. 1. Brain stem and sense organs. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 261–284
Finger TE (1983b) The gustatory system in teleost fish. In: Northcutt RG, Davis RE (eds) Fish neurobiology. 1. Brainstem and sense organs. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 285–309
Finger TE (1984) Vagotomy induced changes in acetylcholinesterase and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the gustatory lobes of goldfish. Anat Embryol (Berl) 170:257–264
Finger TE (1986) Electroreception in catfish: anatomy and electrophysiology. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds) Electroreception. Wiley, New York, pp 287–317
Finger TE (1988) Sensorimotor mapping and oropharyngeal reflexes in goldfish, Carassius auratus. Brain Behav Evol 31:17–24
Finger TE, Böttger B (1990) Transcellular labeling of taste bud cells by carbocyanine dye (DiI) applied to peripheral nerves in the barbels of the catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. J Comp Neurol 302:884–892
Finger TE, Bullock TH (1982) Thalamic center for the lateral line system in the catfish Ictalurus nebulosus: evoked potential evidence. J Neurobiol 13:39–47
Finger TE, Kalil K (1985) Organization of motoneuronal pools in the rostral spinal cord of the sea robin, Prionotus carolinus. J Comp Neurol 239:384–390
Finger TE, Kanwal JS (1992) Ascending general visceral pathways within the brainstem of two teleost fishes: Ictalurus punctatus and Carassius auratus. J Comp Neurol 320:509–520
Finger TE, Karten HJ (1978) The accessory optic system in teleosts. Brain Res 153:144–149
Finger TE, Morita Y (1985) Two gustatory systems: facial and vagal gustatory nuclei have different brainstem connections. Science 227:776–779
Finger TE, Tong SL (1984) Central organization of eight nerve and mechanosensory lateral line systems in the brainstem of ictalurid catfish. J Comp Neurol 229:129–151
Finger TE, Bell CC, Russell CJ (1981) Electrosensory pathways to the valvula cerebelli in mormyrid fish. Exp Brain Res 42:23–33
Finger TE, Bell CC, Carr CE (1986) Comparison among electroreceptive teleosts: why are electrosensory systems so similar. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds) Electroreception. Wiley, New York, pp 465–481
Fraley SM, Sharma SC (1986) Topography of retinodiencephalic projections in adult channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Brain Res 385:179–184
Frankenhuys-van den Heuvel THM, Nieuwenhuys R (1984) Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. Cell bodies, fibers and terminals. Anat Embryol (Berl) 169:193–204
Freedman EG, Olyerchuk J, Marchaterre MA, Bass AH (1989) A temporal analysis of testosterone-induced changes in electric organs and electric organ discharges of mormyrid fishes. J Neurobiol 20:619–634
Fridberg G, Bern HA (1968) The urophysis and the caudal neurosecretory system of fishes. Biol Rev 43:175–199
Friedlander MJ (1983) The visual prosencephalon of teleosts. In: Davis RE, Northcutt RG (eds) Fish neurobiology. 2. Higher brain areas and functions. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 91–115
Fritzsch B, Wilm C (1992) The development of ipsilateral retinal projections into the tectum in the cichlid fish Haplochromis burtoni: a DiI study in fixed tissue. J Neurobiol 23:708–719
Fritzsch B, Niemann U, Bleckmann H (1990) A discrete projection of the sacculus and layers to a distinct brainstem nucleus in a catfish. Neurosci Lett 111:7–11
Fryer JN, Boudreault-Chateauvert C, Kirby RP (1985) Pituitary afferents originating in the paraventricular organ (PVO) of the goldfish hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 242:475–484
Fujii K, Kobayashi H (1992) FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Ann Anat 174:217–222
Fujita I, Satou M, Ueda K (1984) A field-potential study of centripetal and centrifugal connections of the olfactory bulb in the carp, Cyprinus carpio (L). Brain Res 321:33–44
Fujita I, Satou M, Ueda K (1985) Ganglion cells of the terminal nerve: morphology and electrophysiology. Brain Res 335:148–152
Fujita I, Satou M, Ueda K (1988) Morphology of physiologically identified mitral cells in the carp olfactory bulb: a light microscopic study after intracellular staining with HRP. J Comp Neurol 267:253–268
Fujita I, Sorensen PW, Stacey NE, Hara TJ (1991) The olfactory system, not the terminal nerve, functions as the primary chemosensory pathway mediating responses to sex pheromones in male goldfish. Brain Behav Evol 38:313–321
Gage SP (1983) The brain of Diemyctilus viridescence from larval to adult life and comparison with the brain of Amia and Petromyzon. In: The Wilder quarter century book. Ithaca, pp 259-314
Galeo AJ, Fine ML, Stevenson JA (1987) Embryonic and larval development of the sonic motor nucleus in the oyster toadfish. J Neurobiol 18:359–373
Garcia JM, Alvarez-Uria M (1982) Ultrastructure of the’ smooth endoplasmic reticulum cell’ in the nucleus recessus lateralis of Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Cell Tissue Res 227:221–224
Gestrin P, Sterling P (1977) Anatomy and physiology of goldfish oculomotor system. II. Firing patterns of neurons in abducens nucleus and surrounding medulla and their relation to eye movements. J Neurophysiol 40:573–588
Gilat E, Hall DH, Bennett MVL (1986) The giant fiber and pectoral fin adductor motoneuron system in the hatchetfish. Brain Res 365:96–104
Goehler LE, Finger TE (1992) Functional organization of vagal reflex systems in the brain stem of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. J Comp Neurol 319:463–478
Gómez-Segade P, Anadón R (1988) Specialization in the diencephalon of advanced teleosts. J Morphol 197:71–103
Gómez-Segade P, Anadón R, Gómez-Segade L (1989) Monoaminergic systems in the hypothalamus of the acanthopterygian Chelon labrosus, with special reference to the organum vasculosum hypothalami. Acta Zool (Stockh) 70:1–11
Gómez-Segade P, Segade LAG, Anadón R (1991) Ultrastructure of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis in the advanced teleost Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1826). J Hirnforsch 32:69–77
Gorlick DL (1989) Motor innervation of respiratory muscles and an opercular display muscle in Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens. J Comp Neurol 290:412–422
Gorlick DL (1990) Neural pathway for aggressive display in Betta splendens. Midbrain and hindbrain control of Gillcover erection behavior. Brain Behav Evol 36:227–236
Gotow T, Triller A, Kom H (1990) Differential distribution of serotoninergic inputs on the goldfish Mauthner cell. J Comp Neurol 292:255–268
Graf W, Baker R (1983) Adaptive changes of the vestibuloocular reflex in flatfish are achieved by reorganization of central nervous pathways. Science 221:777–778
Graf W, Baker R (1985a) The vestibuloocular reflex of the adult flatfish. I. Oculomotor organization. J Neurophysiol 54:887–899
Graf W, Baker R (1985b) The vestibuloocular reflex of the adult flatfish. II. Vestibulooculomotor connectivity. J Neurophysiol 54:900–916
Graf W, Baker R (1990) Neuronal adaptation accompanying metamorphosis in the flatfish. J Neurobiol 21:1136–1152
Graf W, McGurk JF (1985) Peripheral and central oculomotor organization in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. J Comp Neurol 239:391–401
Grant K, Bell CC, Clausse S, Ravaille M (1986) Morphology and physiology of the brainstem nuclei controlling the electric organ discharge in mormyrid fish. J Comp Neurol 245:514–530
Grant K, Clausse S, Libouban S, Szabo T (1989) Serotoninergic neurons in the mormyrid brain and their projection to the preelectromotor and primary electrosensory centers: immunohistochemical study. J Comp Neurol 281:114–128
Grau EG, Nishioka RS, Young G, Bern HA (1985) Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the pituitary and brain of three teleost fish species: Somatostatin as a potential regulator of prolactin cell function. Gen Comp Endocrinol 59:350–357
Grau HJ, Bastian J (1986) Neural correlates of novelty detection in pulse-type weakly electric fish. J Comp Physiol 159:191–200
Gregory WA, Tweedle CD (1985) Horseradish peroxidase evidence for a spinal projection from the preoptic area of the goldfish, a light and electron microscopic study. Brain Res 341:82–91
Grober MS, Bass AH (1991) Neuronal correlates of sex/role change in labrid fishes: LHRH-like immunoreactivity. Brain Behav Evol 38:302–312
Grober MS, Bass AH, Burd G, Marchaterre MA, Segil N, Scholz K, Hodgson T (1987) The nervus terminalis ganglion in Anguilla rostrata: an immunocytochemical and HRP histochemical analysis. Brain Res 436:148–152
Grober MS, Jackson IMD, Bass AH (1991) Gonadal steroids affect LHRH preoptic cell number in a sex/role changing fish. J Neurobiol 22:734–741
Grober MS, Fox SH, Laughlin C, Bass AH (1994) GnRH cell size and number in a teleost fish with two male reproductive morphs: sexual maturation, final sexual status and body size allometry. Brain Behav Evol 43:61–78
Grover BG, Sharma SC (1979) Tectal projections in the goldfish (Carassius auratus): a degeneration study. J Comp Neurol 184:435–454
Grover BG, Sharma SC (1981) Organization of extrinsic tectal connections in goldfish (Carassius auratus). J Comp Neurol 196:471–488
Grzimek B (ed) (1973) Animal life encyclopedia, vols 4 and 5. Von Nostrand Reinhold, New York
Guthrie DM (1990) The physiology of the optic tectum. In: Douglas RH, Djamgoz MBA (eds) The visual system offish. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 279–343
Guthrie DM, Banks JR (1990) A correlative study of the physiology and morphology of the retinotectal pathway of the perch. Vis Neurosci 4:367–377
Guthrie DM, Sharma SC (1991) Visual responses of morphologically identified tectal cells in the goldfish. Vis Res 31:507–524
Hackett JT, Faber DS (1983a) Mauthner axon networks mediating supraspinal components of the startle response in the goldfish. Neuroscience 8:317–331
Hackett JT, Faber DS (1983b) Relay neurons mediate collateral inhibition of the goldfish Mauthner cell. Brain Res 264:302–306
Hackett JT, Buchheim A (1984) Ultrastructural correlates of electrical-chemical synaptic transmission in goldfish cranial motor nuclei. J Comp Neurol 224:425–426
Hagedorn M, Womble M, Finger TE (1990) Synodontid catfish: a new group of weakly electric fish. Behavior and anatomy. Brain Behav Evol 35:268–277
Hall DH, Gilat E, Bennett MVL (1985) Ultrastructure of the rectifying electrotonic synapses between giant fibers and pectoral fin adductor motor neurons in the hatchet fish. J Neurophysiol 14:825–834
Hanneman E, Westerfield M (1989) Early expression of ace-tylcholinesterase activity in functionally distinct neurons of the zebrafish. J Comp Neurol 284:350–361
Hansen A, Zeiske E (1993) Development of the olfactory organ in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. J Comp Neurol 333:289–300
Hara TJ (ed) (1992) Chemoreception. Chapman and Hall, London
Hartlieb E, Stuermer CAO (1989) Pathfinding and target selection of goldfish retinal axons regenerating under TTX-induced impulse blockade. J Comp Neurol 284:148–168
Haugedé-Carré F (1979) The mesencephalic exterolateral posterior nucleus of the mormyrid fish Bryenomyrus niger: efferent connections studied by the HRP method. Brain Res 178:179–184
Haugedé-Carré F (1983) The mormyrid mesencephalon. II. The medio-dorsal nucleus of the torus semicircularis: afferent and efferent connections studied with the HRP method. Brain Res 268:1–14
Haugedé-Carré F, Kirschbaum F, Szabo T (1977) On the development of the gigantocerebellum in the mormyrid fish Pollimyrus (Marcusenius) isidori. Neurosci Lett 6:209–213
Haugedé-Carré F, Szabo T, Kirschbaum F (1979) Development of the gigantocerebellum of the weakly electric fish Pollimyrus. J Physiol (Paris) 75:381–395
Hawkes R, Gravel C (1991) The modular cerebellum. Prog Neurobiol 36:309–327
Hayama T, Caprio J (1989) Lobule structure and somatotopic organization of the medullary facial lobe in the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. J Comp Neurol 285:9–17
Hayes WP, Meyer RL (1989a) Normal numbers of retinotectal synapses during the activity-sensitive period of optic regeneration in goldfish: HRP-EM evidence implicating synapse rearrangement and collateral elimination during map refinement. J Neurosci 9:1400–1413
Hayes WP, Meyer RL (1989b) Impulse blockade by intraocular tetrodotoxin during optic regeneration in goldfish: HRP-EM evidence that the formation of normal numbers of optic synapses and the elimination of exuberant optic fibers is activity independent. J Neurosci 9:1414–1423
Hayle TH (1973a) A comparative study of spinal projections to the brain (except cerebellum) in three classes of poikilo-thermic vertebrates. J Comp Neurol 149:463–476
Hayle TH (1973b) A comparative study of spinocerebellar system in three classes of poikilothermic vertebrates. J Comp Neurol 149:477–496
Heijdra YF, Nieuwenhuys R (1994) Topological analysis of the brainstem of the bowfin, Amia calva. J Comp Neurol 339:12–26
Heiligenberg W (1986) Jamming avoidance responses. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds) Electroreception. Wiley, New York, pp 613–649
Heiligenberg W (1987) Central processing of sensory information in electric fish. J Comp Physiol [A] 161:621–631
Heiligenberg W (1988) Electrosensory maps form a substrate for the distributed and parallel control of behavioral responses in weakly electric fish. Brain Behav Evol 31:6–16
Heiligenberg W (1990) Electrosensory systems in fish. Synapse 6:196–206
Heiligenberg W, Dye J (1982) Labelling of electroreceptive afferents in a gymnotid fish by intracellular injection of HRP: the mystery of multiple maps. J Comp Physiol 148:287–296
Heiligenberg W, Rose G (1985) Phase and amplitude computations in the midbrain of an electric fish: intracellular studies of neurons participating in the jamming avoidance response of Eigenmannia. J Neurosci 2:515–531
Heiligenberg W, Rose G (1986) Gating of sensory information: joint computations of phase and amplitude data in the midbrain of the electric fish, Eigenmannia. J Comp Physiol [A] 159:311–324
Heiligenberg W, Rose G (1987) The optic tectum of the gymnotiform electric fish, Eigenmannia: labeling of physiologically identified cells. Neuroscience 22:331–340
Heiligenberg W, Finger T, Matsubara J, Carr R (1981) Input to the medullary pacemaker nucleus in the weakly electric fish, Eigenmannia (sternopygidae, gymnotiformes). Brain Res 211:418–423
Heiligenberg W, Keller CH, Metzner W, Kawasaki M (1991) Structure and function of neurons in the complex of the nucleus electrosensorius of the gymnotiform fish Eigenmannia: relation and processing of electric signals in social communication. J Comp Physiol [A] 169:151–164
Hermann HT (1971) Eye movement correlated units in mesencephalic oculomotor complex of goldfish. Brain Res 35:240–244
Highstein SM (1991) The central nervous system efferent control of the organs of balance and equilibrium. Neurosci Res 12:13–30
Highstein SM, Baker R (1985) Action of the efferent vestibular system on primary afferents in the toadfish, Opsanus tau. J Neurophysiol 54:370–384
Highstein SM, Baker R (1986) Organization of the efferent vestibular nuclei and nerves of the toadfish, Opsanus tau. J Comp Neurol 243:309–325
Highstein SM, Kitch R, Carey J, Baker R (1992) Anatomical organization of the brainstem octavolateralis area of the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau. J Comp Neurol 319:501–518
Hinojosa R (1973) Synaptic ultrastructure in the tangential nucleus of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Am J Anat 137:159–186
Hlavacek M, Tahar M, Libouban S, Szabo T (1984) The mormyrid brainstem. I. Distribution of brainstem neurones projecting to the spinal cord in Gnathonemus petersii, an HRP study. J Hirnforsch 6:603–615
Hofer H, Meinel W, Erhardt H, Wolter A (1984) Preliminary electron-microscopical observations on the ampulla cauda-lis and the discharge of the material of Reissner’s fibre into the capillary system of the terminal part of the tail of ammocoetes (Agnathi). Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 130:77–110
Holmes RL, Ball JN (1974) The pituitary gland. A comparative account. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Holmqvist BI, Carlberg M (1992) Galanin receptors in the brain of a teleost: autoradiographic distribution of binding sites in the Atlantic salmon. J Comp Neurol 326:44–60
Holmqvist BI, Ekström P (1991) Galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of teleosts: distribution and relation to substance P, vasotocin, and isotocin in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Comp Neurol 306:361–381
Honkanen T, Ekström P (1990) An immunocytochemical study of the olfactory projections in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. J Comp Neurol 292:65–72
Honkanen T, Ekström P (1991) An immunocytochemical study of the development of the olfactory system in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., Teleostei). Anat Embryol (Berl) 184:469–477
Hopkins CD (1986) Behavior of Mormyridae. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds) Electroreception. Wiley, New York, pp 527–576
Hopkins CD (1988) Neuroethology of electric communication. Annu Rev Neurosci 11:497–535
Hornby PJ, Demski LS (1988) Functional-anatomical studies of neural control of heart rate in goldfish. Brain Behav Evol 31:181–192
Hornby PJ, Piekut DT (1988) Immunoreactive dopamine β-hydroxylase in neuronal groups in the goldfish brain. Brain Behav Evol 32:252–256
Hornby PJ, Piekut DT (1990) Distribution of catecholaminesynthesizing enzymes in goldfish brains: presumptive dopamine and norepinephrine neuronal organization. Brain Behav Evol 35:49–64
Hornby PJ, Piekut DT, Demski LS (1987) Localization of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in the goldfish brain. J Comp Neurol 261:1–14
Huber R, Rylander MK (1991) Quantitative histological studies of the optic tectum in six species of Notropis and Cyprinella (Cyprinidae, Teleostei). J Hirnforsch 32:309–316
Huber R, Rylander MK (1992) Brain morphology and turbidity preference in Notropis and related genera (cyprinidae, teleostei). Environ Biol Fishes 33:153–165
Ichikawa M (1975) The central projections of the olfactory tract in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. J Fac Sci Univ Tokyo 13:257–263
Ichikawa M (1976) Fine structure of the olfactory bulb in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Brain Res 115:53–56
Ichikawa M, Ueda K (1979) Electron microscopic study of the termination of the centrifugal fibers in the goldfish olfactory bulb. Cell Tissue Res 197:257–262
Inagaki N, Panula P, Yamadotani A, Wada H (1991) Organization of the histaminergic system in the brain of the teleost, Trachurus trachurus. J Comp Neurol 310:94–102
Ito H (1970) Fine structures or the teleostean vagal lobe. Z Mikr Anat Forsch 83:65–89
Ito H (1971) Fine structure of the carp torus longitudinalis. J Morphol 135:153–164
Ito H (1974) Fine structure of the torus semicircularis of some teleosts. J Morphol 142:137–152
Ito H, Kishida R (1975) Organization of the teleostean nucleus rotundus. J Morphol 147:89–108
Ito H, Kishida R (1977a) Synaptic organization of the nucleus rotundus in some teleosts. J Morphol 151:397–416
Ito H, Kishida R (1977b) Tectal afferent neurons identified by the retrograde HRP method in the carp telencephalon. Brain Res 130:142–145
Ito H, Kishida R (1978a) Telencephalic afferent neurons identified by the retrograde HRP method in the carp diencephalon. Brain Res 149:211–215
Ito H, Kishida R (1978b) Afferent and efferent fiber connections of the carp torus longitudinalis. J Comp Neurol 181:465–476
Ito H, Murakami T (1984) Retinal ganglion cells in two teleost species, Sebastiscus marmoratus and Navodon modestus. J Comp Neurol 229:80–96
Ito H, Vanegas H (1983) Cytoarchitecture and ultrastructure of nucleus prethalamicus, with special reference to degenerating afferents from optic tectum and telencephalon, in a teleost (Holocentrus ascensonis). J Comp Neurol 221:401–415
Ito H, Vanegas H (1984) Visual receptive thalamopetal neurons in the optic tectum of teleosts (Holocentridae). Brain Res 290:201–210
Ito H, Yoshimoto M (1990) Cytoarchitecture and fibre connections of the nucleus lateralis valvulae in the carp (Cyprinus carpio). J Comp Neurol 298:385–399
Ito H, Morita Y, Sakamoto N, Ueda S (1980a) Possibility of telencephalic visual projections in teleosts, Holocentrus. Brain Res 197:219–222
Ito H, Butler AB, Ebbesson SOE (1980b) An ultrastructural study of the normal synaptic organization of the optic tectum and the degenerating tectal afferents from retina, telencephalon, and contralateral tectum in a teleost, Holocentrus rufus. J Comp Neurol 191:639–659
Ito H, Tanaka H, Sakamoto N, Morita Y (1981) Isthmic afferent neurons identified by the retrograde HRP method in a teleost, Navodon modestus. Brain Res 207:163–169
Ito H, Murakami T, Morita Y (1982a) An indirect telencephalo-cerebellar pathway and its relay nucleus in teleosts. Brain Res 249:1–13
Ito H, Sakamoto N, Takatsuji K (1982b) Cytoarchitecture, fiber connections, and ultrastructure of nucleus isthmi in a teleost (Navodon modestus) with a special reference to degenerating isthmic afferents from optic tectum and nucleus pretectalis. J Comp Neurol 205:299–311
Ito H, Vanegas H, Murakami T, Morita Y (1984) Diameters and terminal patterns of retinofugal axons in their target areas. An HRP study in two teleosts (Sebastiscus and Navodon). J Comp Neurol 230:179–197
Ito H, Murakami T, Fukuota T, Kishida R (1986) Thalamic fiber connections in a teleost (Sebastiscus marmoratus): visual, somatosensory, octavolateral and cerebellar relay region to the telencephalon. J Comp Neurol 250:215–227
Ito H, Yoshimoto M, Uchiyama H, Somiya H, Negsihi K (1992) Changes in retinal projections and ganglion cell morphology after unilateral enucleation in the common carp. Brain Behav Evol 40:197–208
Ito M (1984) The cerebellum and neurol control. Raven, New York
Janetzko A, Zimmermann H, Volknandt W (1987) The electromotor system of the electric catfish (Malapterurus electricus): a fine-structural analysis. Cell Tissue Res 247:613–624
Jansen WF (1973) The saccus vasculosus of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. A cytochemical and enzymecytochemical study, particularly with respect to coronet cells and glial cells. Nether J Zool 25(3):309–331
Jansen WF (1985) Structure and function of the paraphysis cerebri in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Cell Tissue Res 242:127–143
Jansen WF (1973) De sacculus vasculosus en de regulatie van de samenstelling van de liquor cerebrospinalis. Thesis, University of Utrecht, Netherlands
Jansen WF, van Dort JB (1978) Further investigations on the structure and function of the saccus vasculosus of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Cell Tissue Res 187:61–68
Jeserich G (1982) Ingrowth of optic nerve fibers and onset of myelin ensheathment in the optic tectum of the trout (Salmo gairdneri). Cell Tissue Res 227:201–211
Johnston SA, Maler L (1992) Anatomical organization of the hypophysiotrophic systems in the electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus. J Comp Neurol 317:421–437
Johnston SA, Maler L, Tinner B (1990) The distribution of serotonin in the brain of Apteronotus leptorhynchus: an immunohistochemical study. J Chem Neuroanat 3:429–465
Jorgensen JM, Bullock TH (1987) Organization of the ampullary organs of the African knife fish Xenomystus nigri (Teleostei: Notopteridae). J Neurocytol 16:311–315
Jüch PJW, Luiten PGM (1981) Anatomy of respiratory rhythmic systems in brain stem and cerebellum of the carp. Brain Res 230:51–64
Kageyama GH, Meyer RL (1988a) Laminar and sublaminar ultracytochemical localization of cytochrome oxydase in the optic tectum of normal goldfish. J Comp Neurol 278:498–520
Kageyama GH, Meyer RL (1988b) Laminar histochemical and cytochemical localization of cytochrome oxydase in the goldfish retina and optic tectum in response to deafferentation and during regeneration. J Comp Neurol 278:521–542
Kageyama GH, Meyer RL (1989) Glutamate-immunoreactivity in the retina and optic tectum of goldfish. Brain Res 503:118–127
Kah O, Chambolle P (1983) Serotonin in the brain of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. An immunocytochemical study. Cell Tissue Res 234:319–333
Kah O, Chambolle P, Thibault J, Geffard M (1984) Existence of dopaminergic neurons in the preoptic region of the goldfish. Neurosci Lett 48:293–298
Kah O, Breton B, Dulka JG, Nunez-Rodriguez J, Peter RE, Corrigan A, Riveri JE, Vale WW (1986) A reinvestigation of the Gn-RH (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone) systems in the goldfish brain using antibodies to salmon Gn-RH. Cell Tissue Res 224:327–337
Kah O, Zanuy S, Mañanos E, Anglade L, Carillo M (1991) Distribution of salmon gonadotropin releasing-hormone in the brain and pituitary of the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). An immunocytochemical and immunoenzymoessay study. Cell Tissue Res 266:129–136
Kaiserman-Abramof IR, Palay SL (1969) Fine structural studies of the cerebellar cortex in a mormyrid fish. In: Llinás R (ed) Neurobiology of cerebellar evolution and development. Am Med Assoc Educ Res Found, Chicago, pp 171–205
Källén B (1950) A contribution to the ontogenetic development of the nuclei in the forebrain in Lepisosteus. Acta Anat 4:297–308
Kanwal JS, Caprio J (1983) An electrophysiological investigation of the oro-pharyngeal (IX–X) taste system of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. J Comp Physiol 150:345–357
Kanwal JS, Caprio J (1987) Central projections of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus: clues to differential processing of visceral inputs. J Comp Neurol 264:216–230
Kanwal JS, Finger TF (1992) Central representation and projections of gustatory systems. In: Hara TJ (ed) Fish chemoreception. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 79–103
Kanwal JS, Finger TE, Caprio J (1988) Forebrain connections of the gustatory system in ictalurid fishes. J Comp Neurol 278:353–376
Karten HJ, Finger TE (1976) A direct thalamo-cerebellar pathway in pigeon and catfish. Brain Res 102:335–338
Kaul S, Vollrath L (1974a) The goldfish pituitary. I. Cytology. Cell Tissue Res 154:211–230
Kaul S, Vollrath L (1974b) The goldfish pituitary. II. Innervation. Cell Tissue Res 154:231–249
Kawasaki M, Heiligenberg W (1988) Individual prepacemaker neurons can modulate the pacemaker cycle of the gymnotiform electric fish, Eigenmannia. J Comp Physiol [A] 162:13–21
Kawasaki M, Heiligenberg W (1989) Distinct mechanisms of modulation in a neural oscillator generate different social signals in the electric fish Hypopomus. J Comp Physiol [A] 165:731–741
Kawasaki M, Heiligenberg W (1990) Different classes of glutamate receptors and GABA mediate distinct modulations of a neuronal oscillator, the medullary pacemaker of a gymnotiform electric fish. J Neurosci 10:3896–3904
Kawasaki M, Maler L, Rose GJ, Heiligenberg W (1988a) Anatomical and functional organization of the prepacemaker nucleus in gymnotiform electric fish: the accommodation of two behaviors in one nucleus. J Comp Neurol 276:113–131
Kawasaki M, Rose G, Heiligenberg W (1988b) Temporal hyperacuity in single neurons of electric fish. Nature 336:173–177
Keller CH (1988) Stimulus discrimination in the diencephalon of Eigenmannia. The emergence and sharpening of a sensory filter. J Comp Physiol [A] 162:747–757
Keller CH, Heiligenberg W (1989) From distributed sensory processing to discrete motor representations in the diencephalon of the electric fish Eigenmannia. J Comp Physiol [A] 164:565–576
Keller CH, Maler L, Heiligenberg W (1990) Structural and functional organization of a diencephalic sensory-motor interface in the gymnotiform fish, Eigenmannia. J Comp Neurol 293:347–376
Keller CH, Kawasaki M, Heiligenberg W (1991) The control of pacemaker modulations for social communication in the weakly electric fish Sternopygus. J Comp Physiol [A] 169:441–450
Kidokoro Y (1969) Cerebellar and vestibular control of fish oculomotor neurones. In: Llinás R (ed) Neurobiology of cerebellar evolution and development. Am Med Ass Educ Res Found, Chicago, pp 257–276
Kim YS, Stumpf WE, Sar M (1978) Topography of estrogen target cells in the forebrain of goldfish, Carassius auratus. J Comp Neurol 182:611–620
Kimmel CB, Powell SL, Metcalfe WK (1982) Brain neurons which project to the spinal cord in young larvae of the zebrafish. J Comp Neurol 205:112–127
Kimmel CB, Metcalfe WK, Schabtach E (1985) T reticular interneurons: a class of serially repeating cells in the zebra-fish hindbrain. J Comp Neurol 233:365–376
King WM, Schmidt JT (1991) The long lasting component of retinotectal transmission: enhancement by stimulation of nucleus isthmi or tectobulbar tract and block by nicotinic cholinergic antagonists. Neuroscience 40:701–712
King WM, Schmidt JT (1993) Nucleus isthmi in goldfish: in vitro recordings and fiber connections revealed by HRP injections. Vis Neurosci 10:419–437
Kirschbaum F, Meunier F, Tsuji S (1978) ‘Naked’ spinal cord on a non-segmented baton-like bony structure in the tail of the electric fish Eigenmannia virescens (Gymnotoidei). Cell Tissue Res 187:263–269
Kirschbaum F, Denizot JP, Tsuji S (1979) On the electromotor neurons of both electric organs of Pollimyrus isidori (Mormyridae, Teleostei). J Physiol (Paris) 75:429–433
Kishida K (1979) Comparative study on the teleostean optic tectum. Lamination and cytoarchitecture. J Hirnforsch 20:57–67
Kiyohara S, Shiratani T, Yamashita S (1985a) Peripheral and central distribution of major branches of the facial taste nerve in the carp. Brain Res 325:57–69
Kiyohara S, Hidaka I, Kitoh J, Yamashita S (1985b) Mechanical sensitivity of the facial nerve fibers innervating the anterior palate of the puffer, Fugu pardalis and their central projection on the primary taste center. Brain Res 157:705–716
Kiyohara S, Houman H, Yamashita S, Caprio J, Marui T (1986) Morphological evidence for a direct projection of trigeminal nerve fibers to the primary gustatory center in the sea catfish Plotosus anguillaris. Brain Res 379:353–357
Knudsen El (1976a) Midbrain responses to electro receptive input in catfish: evidence of orientation preferences and somatotopic organization. J Comp Physiol 106:51–67
Knudsen El (1976b) Midbrain units in catfish. Responses properties to electroreceptive input. J Comp Physiol 109:215–235
Knudsen EI (1977) Distinct auditory and lateral line nuclei in the midbrain of catfishes. J Comp Neurol 173:417–432
Knudsen EI (1978) Functional organization in electroreceptive midbrain of the catfish. J Neurophysiol 41:350–364
Kock J-H, Reuter T (1978) Retinal ganglion cells in the crucian carp (Carassius carassius). I. Size and number of somata in eyes of different size. J Comp Neurol 179:535–548
Kohno K, Noguchi N (1986) Large myelinated club endings on the Mauthner cell in the goldfish. Anat Embryol (Berl) 173:361–370
König B, Bonn U (1990) SRIF-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of Tinca tinca (Cyprinidae, Teleostei). J Hirnforsch 31:227–236
Korn H, Bennett MVL (1972) Electrotonic coupling between teleost oculomotor neurons; restriction to somatic regions and relation to function of somatic and dendritic sites of impulse initiation. Brain Res 38:433–439
Korn H, Sotelo C, Bennett MVL (1977) The lateral vestibular nucleus of the toadfish Opsanus tau: ultrastructural and electrophysiological observations with special reference to electrotonic transmission. Neuroscience 2:851–884
Körtje KH, Weber H, Rahmann H (1991) Morphogenetic development of the area octavolateralis in the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. J Hirnforsch 32:491–495
Kosaka T (1980) Ruffed cell: a new type of neuron with a distinctive initial unmyelinated portion of the axons in the olfactory bulb of the goldfish. II. Fine structure of the ruffed cell. J Comp Neurol 193:119–145
Kosaka T, Hama K (1979) Ruffed cell: a new type of neuron with a distinctive initial unmyelinated portion of the axons in the olfactory bulb of the goldfish. I. Golgi impregnation and serial thin section studies. J Comp Neurol 186:301–320
Kosaka T, Hama K (1980) Presence of the ruffed cell in the olfactory bulb of the catfish, Parasilurus asotus, and the sea eel, Conger myriaster. J Comp Neurol 193:103–117
Kosaka T, Hama K (1981) Ruffed cell: a new type of neuron with a distinctive initial unmyelinated portion of the axon in the olfactory bulb of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). III. Three-dimensional structure of the ruffed cell dendrite. J Comp Neurol 201:571–587
Kosaka T, Hama K (1982) Structure of the mitral cell in the olfactory bulb of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). J Comp Neurol 212:365–384
Kosaka T, Hama K (1982/1983) Synaptic organization in the teleost olfactory bulb. J Physiol (Paris) 78:707–719
Kotrschal K, Jürgen H (1988) Patterns of brain morphology in Mid-European cyprinidae (pisces, teleostei). A quantitative histological study. J Hirnforsch 29:341–352
Kotrschal K, Whitear M (1988) Chemosensory anterior dorsal fin in rocklings (Gaidropsarus and Ciliata, teleostei, gadi-dae): somatotopic representation of the ramus recurrens facialis as revealed by transganglionic transport of HRP. J Comp Neurol 268:109–120
Kotrschal K, Whitear M, Finger TE (1993) Spinal and facial innervation of the skin in the gadid fish Ciliata mustela (Teleostei). J Comp Neurol 331:407–417
Kriebel RM (1980) The caudal neurosecretory system of Poecilia sphenops (Poeciliidae). J Morphol 165:157–165
Kriebel RM, Burke JD, Meetz GD (1979) Morphologic features of the caudal neurosecretory system in the blueback herring, Pomolobus aestivalis. Anat Rec 195:553–572
Kudo H, Ueda H, Kawamura H, Aida K, Yamauchi K (1994) Ultrastructural demonstration of salmon-type gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) in the olfactory system of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou). Neurosci Lett 166:187–190
Kusunoki T, Kishida R, Kiriyama H (1977) The cytoarchitec-tonics of the teleostean (gobiid) telencephalon. Characteristic structures in the lobar region. Yokohama Med Bull 28:83–111
Kuwada JY (1986) Cell recognition by neuronal growth cones in a simple vertebrate embryo. Science 233:740–746
Kuwada JY, Bernhardt RR, Chitnis AB (1990a) Pathfinding by identified growth cones in the spinal cord of zebrafish embryos. J Neurosci 10:1299–1308
Kuwada JY, Bernhardt RR, Nguyen N (1990b) Development of spinal neurons and tracts in the zebrafish embryo. J Comp Neurol 302:617–628
Ladlich F, Fine ML (1992) Localization of pectoral fin moto-neurons (sonic and hovering) in the croaking gourami Tri-chopsis vittatus. Brain Behav Evol 39:1–7
Lamb CF, Caprio J (1992) Convergence of oral and extraoral information in the superior secondary gustatory nucleus of the channel catfish. Brain Res 588:201–211
Lamb CF, Caprio J (1993a) Diencephalic gustatory connections in the channel catfish. J Comp Neurol 337:400–418
Lamb CF, Caprio J (1993b) Taste and tactile responsiveness of neurons in the posterior diencephalon of the channel catfish. J Comp Neurol 337:419–430
Landsman RE (1993) The effects of captivity on the electric organ discharge and plasma hormone levels in Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyriformes). J Comp Physiol [A] 172:639–631
Langdon RB, Freeman JA (1986) Antagonists of glutaminergic neurotransmission block retinotectal transmission in goldfish. Brain Res 398:169–174
Langdon RB, Freeman JA (1987) Pharmacology of retinotectal transmission in the goldfish: effects of nicotinic ligands, strychnine and kynurenic acid. J Neurosci 7:760–773
Langdon RB, Manis PB, Freeman JA (1988) Goldfish retinotectal transmission in vitro: component current sinksource pairs isolated by varying calcium and magnesium levels. Brain Res 441:299–308
Lannoo MJ, Maler L (1990) Interspecific variation in the projection of primary afferents onto the electrosensory lateral line lobe of weakly electric teleosts: different solutions to the same mapping problem. J Comp Neurol 294:153–160
Lannoo MJ, Maler L, Tinner B (1989a) Ganglion cell arrangement and axonal trajectories in the anterior lateral line nerve of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus (Gymnotiformes). J Comp Neurol 280:331–342
Lannoo MJ, Maler L, Zakon H (1989b) Receptor position, not nerve branch, determines electroreceptor somatotopy in the gymnotiform fish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus). Neurosci Lett 97:11–17
Lannoo MJ, Vischer HA, Maler L (1990) Development of the electrosensory nervous system of Eigenmannia (Gymnotiformes). II. The electrosensory lateral line lobe, midbrain, and cerebellum. J Comp Neurol 294:37–58
Lannoo MJ, Brochu G, Maler L, Hawkes R (1991a) Zebrin II immunoreactivity in the rat and in the weakly electric teleost Eigenmannia (Gymnotiformes) reveals three modes of Purkinje cell development. J Comp Neurol 310:215–233
Lannoo MJ, Ross L, Maler L, Hawkes R (1991b) Development of the cerebellum and its extracerebellar Purkinje cell projection in teleost fishes as determined by zebrin II immunocytochemistry. Prog Neurobiol 37:329–363
Lannoo MJ, Maler L, Hawkes R (1992) Zebrin II distinguishes the ampullary organ receptive map from the tuberous organ receptive maps during development in the teleost electrosensory lateral line lobe. Brain Res 586:176–180
Lannoo MJ, Maler L, Hawkes R (1993) Collateral sprouting in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of weakly electric teleosts (gymnotiformes) following ricin ablation. J Comp Neurol 333:246–256
Lara JM, Alonso JR, Vecino E, Coveñas R, Aijon J (1989) Neuroglia in the optic tectum of teleosts. J Hirnforsch 30:465–472
Larsell O (1967) The comparative anatomy and histology of the cerebellum from myxinoids through birds. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
Lauder GV, Liem KF (1983a) Patterns of diversity and evolution in ray-finned fishes. In: Northcutt RG, Davis RE (eds) Fish neurobiology. 1. Brainstem and sense organs. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 1–24
Lauder GV, Liem KF (1983b) The evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fishes. Bull Mus Comp Zool 150:95–197
Laudel TP, Lim T-M (1993) Development of the dorsal root ganglion in a teleost, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). J Comp Neurol 327:141–150
Laufer M, Vanegas H (1974) The optic tectum of a perciform teleost. II. Fine structure. J Comp Neurol 154:61–96
Lázár G, Libouban S, Szabo T (1984) The mormyrid mesencephalon. III. Retinal projections in a weakly electric fish, Gnathonemus petersii. J Comp Neurol 230:1–12
Lázár G, Toth P, Szabo T (1987) Retinal projections in gymnotid fishes. J Hirnforsch 28:13–26
Lázár G, Szabo T, Libouban S, Ravaille-Veron M, Toth P, Bräntle K (1992) Central projections and motor nuclei of the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves in the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii. J Comp Neurol 325:343–358
Lee LT (1984) Response of cerebellum to stimulation of telencephalon in the catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus). J Neuro-physiol 51:1394–1408
Lee LT, Bullock TH (1984) Sensory representation in the cerebellum of the catfish. Neuroscience 13:157–169
Lee LT, Bullock TH (1990a) Cerebellar units show several types of early responses to telencephalic stimulation in catfish. Brain Behav Evol 35:278–290
Lee LT, Bullock TH (1990b) Cerebellar units show several types of long-lasting posttetanic responses to telencephalic stimulation in catfish. Brain Behav Evol 35:291–301
Lee LT, Bullock TH (1990c) Responses of the optic tectum to telencephalic stimulation in catfish. Brain Behav Evol 35:313–324
Lee RKK, Eaton RC (1991) Identifiable reticulospinal neurons of the adult zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. J Comp Neurol 304:34–52
Lee RKK, Eaton RC, Zottoli SJ (1993) Segmental arrangement of reticulospinal neurons in the goldfish hindbrain. J Comp Neurol 329:539–556
Leghissa S (1955) La struttura microscópica e la citoarchitettonica del tetto ottico dei pesci teleostei. Z Anat Entw Gesch 118:427–463
Leonard RB, Willis WD (1979) The organization of the electromotor nucleus and extraocular motor nuclei in the star-gazer (Astroscopus graecum). J Comp Neurol 183:397–414
Levine RI (1989) Organization of astrocytes in the visual pathways of the goldfish: an immunohistochemical study. J Comp Neurol 285:231–245
Levine RI, Dethier S (1985) The connections between the olfactory bulb and the brain in the goldfish. J Comp Neurol 237:427–444
Levine RI, Dethier S (1988) Anomalous retrograde labeling of brain cells from the eye in the goldfish: evidence for long distance growth of sprouted neurites. Exp Neurol 102:153–166
Lewis D, Teyler TJ (1986) Long-term potentation in the goldfish optic tectum. Brain Res 375:246–250
Leyhausen C, Kirschbaum F, Szabo T, Erdelen M (1987) Differential growth in the brain of the weakly electric fish, Apte-ronotus leptorhynchus (Gymnotiformes), during ontogenesis. Brain Behav Evol 30:230–248
Libouban S, Szabo T (1977) An integration centre of the mormyrid fish brain: the auricula cerebelli. An HRP study. Neurosci Lett 6:115–119
Lin JW, Faber DS (1988) An efferent inhibition of auditory afferents mediated by the goldfish Mauthner cell. Neuro-science 24:829–836
Lin J-W, Faber DS, Wood MR (1983) Organized projection of the goldfish saccular nerve onto the Mauthner cell lateral dendrite. Brain Res 274:319–324
Liu DWC, Westerfield M (1990) The formation of terminal fields in the absence of competitive interactions among primary motoneurons in the zebrafish. J Neurosci 10:3947–3959
Loew ER, McFarland WN (1990) The underwater visual environment. In: Douglas RH, Djamgoz MBA (eds) The visual system of fish. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 1–43
Losier BJ, Matsubara JA (1990a) Comparison of calbindin D 28K and cytochrome c oxidase in electrosensory nuclei of high-and low-frequency weakly electric fish (Gymnotiformes). Cell Tissue Res 260:29–39
Losier BJ, Matsubara JA (1990b) Light and electron microscopical studies on the spherical neurons in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of the gymnotiform fish, Sternopygus. J Comp Neurol 298:237–249
Lu Z, Fay RR (1993) Acoustic response properties of single units in the torus semicircularis of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. J Comp Physiol [A] 173:33–48
Luiten PGM (1975) The central projections of the trigeminal, facial and anterior lateral line nerves in the carp (Cyprinus carpio L). J Comp Neurol 160:399–418
Luiten PGM (1976) A somatotopic and functional representation of the respiratory muscles in the trigeminal and facial motor nuclei of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). J Comp Neurol 166:191–200
Luiten PGM (1979) Proprioceptive reflex connections of head musculature and the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in the carp. J Comp Neurol 183:903–912
Luiten PGM (1981) Afferent and efferent connections of the optic tectum in the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Brain Res 220:51–65
Luiten PGM, Dijkstra-de Vlieger HP (1978) Extraocular muscle representation in the brainstem of the carp. J Comp Neurol 179:669–676
Luiten PGM, van der Pers JNC (1977) The connections of the trigeminal and facial motor nuclei in the brain of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) as revealed by anterograde and retrograde transport of HRP. J Comp Neurol 174:575–590
Ma PM (1994a) Catecholaminergic systems in the zebrafish. I. Number, morphology, and histochemical characteristics of neurons in the locus coeruleus. J Comp Neurol 344:242–255
Ma PM (1994b) Catecholaminergic systems in the zebrafish. II. Projection pathways and pattern of termination of the locus coeruleus. J Comp Neurol 344:256–269
Maggs A, Scholes J (1986) Glial domains and nerve fiber patterns in the fish retinotectal pathway. J Neurosci 6:424–438
Maggs A, Scholes J (1990) Reticular astrocytes in the fish optic nerve: macroglia with epithelial characteristics form an axially repeated lacework pattern, to which nodes of ranvier are apposed. J Neurosci 10:1600–1614
Malagon M, Vallarino M, Tonon MC, Vaudry H (1992) Localization and characterization of diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI)-like peptides in the brain and pituitary of the trout (Salmo gairdneri). Brain Res 576:208–214
Maler L (1973) The posterior lateral line lobe of a mormyrid fish. A Golgi study. J Comp Neurol 152:281–298
Maler L (1974) The acousticolateral area of bony fishes and its cerebellar relations. Brain Behav Evol 10:130–145
Maler L (1979) The posterior lateral line lobe of certain gymnotid fish: quantitative light microscopy. J Comp Neurol 183:323–364
Maler L, Monaghan D (1991) The distribution of excitatory amino acid binding sites in the brain of an electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus. J Chem Neuroanat 4:39–61
Maler L, Mugnaini E (1994) Correlating gammaaminobutyric acidergic circuits and sensory function in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of a gymnotiform fish. J Comp Neurol 345:224–252
Maler L, Karten HJ, Bennett MVL (1973a) The central connections of the posterior lateral line nerve of Gnathonemus petersii. J Comp Neurol 151:57–66
Maler L, Karten HJ, Bennett MVL (1973b) The central connections of the anterior lateral line nerve of Gnathonemus petersii. J Comp Neurol 151:67–84
Maler L, Finger T, Karten HJ (1974) Differential projections of ordinary lateral line receptors and electroreceptors in the gymnotid fish: Apteronotus (Sternarchus) albifrons. J Comp Neurol 158:363–382
Maler L, Sas E, Rogers J (1981a) The cytology of the posterior lateral line lobe of high-frequency weakly electric fish (Gymnotidae): specificity in a simple cortex. J Comp Neurol 195:87–139
Maler L, Callins M, Mathieson WB (1981b) The distribution of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyl transferase in the cerebellum and posterior lateral line lobe of weakly electric fish (Gymnotidae). Brain Res 226:320–325
Maler L, Sas E, Carr CE, Matsubara J (1982) Efferent projections of the posterior lateral line lobe in gymnotiform fish. J Comp Neurol 211:154–164
Maler L, Jande S, Lawson EM (1984a) Localization of vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein in the electrosensory and electromotor system of high frequency gymnotid fish. Brain Res 301:166–170
Maler L, Boland M, Patrick J, Ellis W (1984b) Localization of zinc in the pacemaker nucleus of high frequency gymnotid fish. In: Frederickson CJ, Howell GA, Kasarskis EJ (eds) The neurobiology of zinc. Liss, New York, pp 199–212
Maler L, Le Clerc N, Hawkes R (1986) A monoclonal antibody to mammalian neurofilament protein stains somata and dendrites in gymnotid fish. Brain Res 378:337–346
Maler L, Sas E, Johnston S, Ellis W (1991) An atlas of the brain of the electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. J Chem Neuroanat 4:1–38
Manis PB, Freeman JA (1988) Fluorescence recordings of electrical activity in goldfish optic tectum in vitro. J Neurosci 8:383–394
Manso MJ, Becerra M, Molist P, Rodriguez-Moldes I, Anadón R (1993) Distribution and development of catecholaminergic neurons in the brain of the brown trout. A tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical study. J Hirnforsch 34:239–260
Mansour-Robaey S, Pinganaud G (1990) Quantitative and morphological study of cell proliferation during morphogenesis in the trout visual system. J Hirnforsch 31:495–504
Margolis-Kazan H, Halpern-Sebold LR, Schreibman MP (1985) Immunocytochemical localization of serotonin in the brain and pituitary gland of the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus. Cell Tissue Res 240:311–314
Marotte LR (1980) Goldfish retinotectal system: continuing development and synaptogenesis. J Comp Neurol 193:319–334
Martinoli M-G, Dubourg P, Geffard M, Calas A, Kah O (1990) Distribution of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the forebrain of the goldfish Carassius auratus. Cell Tissue Res 260:77–84
Marui T (1977) Taste responses in the facial lobe of the carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Brain Res 130:287–298
Marui T, Caprio J (1982) Electrophysiological evidence for the topographical arrangement of taste and tactile neurons in the facial lobe of the channel catfish. Brain Res 231:185–190
Marui T, Caprio J (1992) Teleost gustation. In: Hara TJ (ed) Fish chemoreception. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 171–198
Marui T, Funakoshi M (1979) Tactile input to the facial lobe of the carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Brain Res 177:479–488
Marui T, Caprio J, Kiyohara S, Kasahara Y (1988) Topographical organization of taste and tactile neurons in the facial lobe of the sea catfish, Plotosus lineatus. Brain Res 446:178–182
Mathieson WB, Heiligenberg W, Maler L (1987) Ultrastructural studies of physiologically identified electrosensory afferent synapses in the gymnotiform fish: Eigenmannia. J Comp Neurol 255:526–537
Matsumoto N, Kiyama H, Bando T (1983) An intracellular study of the optic tectum of the carp in vitro. Neurosci Lett 38:17–22
Matsumoto N, Kometani M, Nagano K (1987) Regenerating retinal fibers of the goldfish make temporary and unspecific but functional synapses before forming the final retinotopic map. Neuroscience 22:1102–1110
Matsutani S, Uchiyama H, Ito H (1986) Cytoarchitecture, synaptic organization and fiber connections of the nucleus olfactoretinalis in a teleost Navodon modestus. Brain Res 373:126–138
Mazzi V, Franzoni MF, Fasolo A (1978) A golgi study of the hypothalamus of actinopterygii. I. The preoptic area. Cell Tissue Res 186:475–490
McCormick CA (1981) Central projections of the lateral line and eighth nerves in the bowfin, Amia calva. J Comp Neurol 197:1–15
McCormick CA (1982) The organization of the octavolateralis area in actinopterygian fishes: a new interpretation. J Morphol 171:159–181
McCormick CA (1983) Central connections of the octavolateralis nerves in the pike cichlid, Crenicichla lepidota. Brain Res 263:177–185
McCormick CA (1989) Central lateral line mechanosensory pathways in bony fish. In: Coombs S, Görner P, Münz H (eds) The mechanosensory lateral line. Neurobiology and evolution. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 341–364
McCormick CA (1992) Evolution of central auditory pathways in anamniotes. In: Webster DB, Fay RR, Popper AN (eds) The evolutionary biology of hearing. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 323–350
McCormick CA, Braford MR Jr (1988) Central connections of the octavolateralis system: evolutionary considerations. In: Atema J, Fay RR, Popper AN, Tavolga WN (eds) Sensory biology of aquatic animals. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 733–756
McCormick CA, Braford MR Jr (1993) The primary octaval nuclei and inner ear afferent projections in the otophysan Ictalurus punctatus. Brain Behav Evol 42:48–68
McCormick CA, Braford MR Jr (1994) Organization of inner ear endorgan projections in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Brain Behav Evol 43:189–205
McCreery DB (1977a) Two types of electroreceptive lateral lemniscal neurons of the lateral line lobe of the catfish Ictalurus nebulosus; connections from the lateral line nerve and steady state frequency response characteristics. J Comp Physiol 113:317–339
McCreery DB (1977b) Special organization of receptive fields of lateral lemniscus neurons of the lateral line lobe of the catfish Ictalurus nebulosus. J Comp Physiol 113:341–353
Medina M, le Belle N, Repérant J, Rio J-P, Ward R (1990) An experimental study of the retinal projections of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) carried out at the catadromic migratory silver stage. J Hirnforsch 31:467–480
Medina M, Repérant J, Ward R, Rio J-P, Lemire M (1993) The primary visual system of flatfish: an evolutionary perspective. Anat Embryol (Berl) 187:167–191
Meek J (1978) Myelin-impregnation: an improved Golgi-Cox modification. Stain Technol 53:131–135
Meek J (1981a) A Golgi-electron microscopic study of goldfish optic tectum. I. Description of afferents, cell types and synapses. J Comp Neurol 199:149–173
Meek J (1981b) A Golgi-electronmicroscopic study of goldfish optic tectum. II. Quantitative aspects of synaptic organization. J Comp Neurol 199:175–190
Meek J (1983) Functional anatomy of the tectum mesencephali of the goldfish. An explorative analysis of the functional implications of the laminar structural organization of the tectum. Brain Res Rev 6:247–297
Meek J (1990) Tectal morphology: connections, neurons and synapses. In: Douglas RH, Djamgoz MBA (eds) The visual system of fish. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 239–277
Meek J (1992a) Why run parallel fibers parallel? Teleostean Purkinje cells as possible coincidence detectors in a timing device subserving spatial coding of temporal differences. Neuroscience 48:249–283
Meek J (1992b) Comparative aspects of cerebellar organization. From mormyrids to mammals. Eur J Morphol 30:37–51
Meek J (1993) Structural organization of the mormyrid electrosensory lateral line lobe. J Comp Physiol [A] 173:675–677
Meek J (1994a) Catecholamines in the brains of Osteichthyes (bony fishes). In: Smeets WJAJ, Reiner A (eds) Phylogeny and development of catecholamine systems in the CNS of vertebrates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 49–76
Meek J (1994b) Microcircuitry of the mormyrid electrosensory lateral line lobe. Eur J Morphol 32:279–282
Meek J, Grant K (1994) The role of motor command feedback in electrosensory processing. Eur J Morphol 32:225–234
Meek J, Joosten HWJ (1989) The distribution of serotonin in the brain of the mormyrid teleost Gnathonemus petersii. J Comp Neurol 281:206–224
Meek J, Joosten HWJ (1993) Tyrosine hydroxylaseimmunoreactive cell groups in the brain of the teleost fish Gnathonemus petersii. J Chem Neuroanat 6:431–446
Meek J, Nieuwenhuys R (1991) Palisade pattern of mormyrid Purkinje cells. A correlated light and electron microscopic study. J Comp Neurol 306:156–192
Meek J, Schellart NAM (1978) A Golgi study of goldfish optic tectum. J Comp Neurol 182:89–122
Meek J, Nieuwenhuys R, Elsevier D (1986a) Afferent and efferent connections of the cerebellar lobe C1 of the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii: an HRP study. J Comp Neurol 245:319–341
Meek J, Nieuwenhuys R, Elsevier D (1986b) Afferent and efferent connections of cerebellar lobe C3 of the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii: an HRP study. J Comp Neurol 245:342–358
Meek J, Joosten HWJ, Steinbusch HWM (1989) The distribution of dopamine-immunoreactivity in the brain of the mormyrid teleost Gnathonemus petersii. J Comp Neurol 281:362–383
Meek J, Hafmans TGM, Maler L, Hawkes R (1992) The distribution of zebrin II in the gigantocerebellum of the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii compared with other teleosts. J Comp Neurol 316:17–31
Meek J, Joosten HWJ, Hafmans TGM (1993) Distribution of noradrenaline-immunoreactivity in the brain of the mormyrid teleost Gnathonemus petersii. J Comp Neurol 328:145–160
Meijer NW (1975) Cranial motor nerves innervating superficial respiratory muscles in carp (Cyprinus carpio L). Nether J Zool 25:103–113
Mendelson B (1986a) Development of reticulospinal neurons of the zebrafish. I. Time of origin. J Comp Neurol 251:160–171
Mendelson B (1986b) Development of reticulospinal neurons of the zebrafish. II. Early axonal outgrowth and cell body position. J Comp Neurol 251:172–184
Meredith GE (1984) Peripheral configuration and central projections of the lateral line system in Astronotus ocellatus (Cichlidae): a nonelectroreceptive teleost. J Comp Neurol 288:342–358
Meredith GE (1985) The distinctive central utricular projections in the herring. Neurosci Lett 55:191–196
Meredith GE (1988) Comparative view of the central organization of afferent and efferent circuitry for the inner ear. Acta Biol Hung 39:229–249
Meredith GE, Butler AB (1983) Organization of eight nerve afferent projections from individual end organs of the inner ear in the teleost, Astronotus ocellatus. J Comp Neurol 220:44–62
Meredith GE, Roberts BL (1986) The relationship of saccular efferent neurons to the superior olive in the eel, Anguilla anguilla. Neurosci Lett 68:69–72
Meredith GE, Roberts BL (1987) Distribution and morphological characteristics of efferent neurons innervating end organs in the ear and lateral line of the European eel. J Comp Neurol 265:494–506
Meredith GE, Roberts BL, Maslam S (1987) Distribution of afferent fibers in the brainstem from end organs in the ear and lateral line in the European eel. J Comp Neurol 265:507–520
Meszler RM, Pappas GD, Bennett MVL (1974) Morphology of the electromotor system in the spinal cord of the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus. J Neurocytol 3:251–261
Metcalfe WK, Kimmel CB, Schabtach E (1985) Anatomy of the posterior lateral line system in young larvae of the zebrafish. J Comp Neurol 233:377–389
Metcalfe WK, Mendelson B, Kimmel CB (1986) Segmental homologies among reticulospinal neurons in the hindbrain of the zebrafish larva. J Comp Neurol 251:147–159
Metzner W (1993) The jamming avoidance response in Eigenmannia is controlled by two separate motor pathways. J Neurosci 13:1862–1878
Metzner W, Heiligenberg W (1991) The coding of signals in the electric communication of the gymnotiform fish Eigenmannia: from electroreceptors to neurons in the torus semicircularis of the midbrain. J Comp Physiol [A] 169:135–150
Meyer DL (1980) Mapping the normal and regenerating retinotectal projection of goldfish with autoradiographic methods. J Comp Neurol 189:273–289
Meyer DL, Brink DL (1988) Locally correlated activity in the goldfish tectum in the absence of optic innervation. Dev Brain Res 41:25–36
Meyer DL, Ebbesson SOE (1981) Retinofugal and retinopetal connections in the upside-down catfish (Synodontis nigriventris). Cell Tissue Res 218:389–401
Meyer DL, Fiebig E, Ebbesson SOE (1981) A note on the reciprocal connections between the retina and the brain in the puffer fish Tetraodon fluviatilis. Neurosci Lett 23:111–115
Meyer DL, Lara J, Malz CR, Graf W (1993) Diencephalic projections to the retinae in two species of flatfishes (Scophthalmus maximus and Pleuronectes platessa). Brain Res 601:308–312
Meyer JH (1984) Steroid influences upon the discharge frequencies of intact and isolated pacemakers of weakly electric fish. J Comp Physiol 154:659–668
Meyer JH, Bell CC (1983) Sensory gating by a corollary discharge mechanism. J Comp Physiol 151:401–406
Meyer W (1974) Untersuchungen zur Struktur und Histochemie der Rohon-Beard Zellen bei Fischen und Amphibien. Thesis, University of Hannover
Meyer W (1977) Some observations on the Rohon-Beard cell perikaryon. Experientia 33:319–321
Miguel Hidalgo JJ, Lara J, Alonso JR, Argon J (1986a) Structural organization of the optic tectum of Barbus meridionalis Risso. I. Inner strata (SPV, SAC and SPV). J Hirnforsch 27:19–27
Miguel Hidalgo JJ, Lara J, Alonso JR, Argon J (1986b) Structural organization of the optic tectum of Barbus meridionalis Risso. II. Outer strata (SFGS, SO and SM). J Hirnforsch 27:29–36
Miguel Hidalgo JJ, Ito H, Lara J (1991) Distribution of calbindin like immunoreactive structures in the optic tectum of normal and eye-enucleated cyprinid fish. Cell Tissue Res 265:511–516
Miller KE, Kriebel RM (1985) Electron microscopic identification of mesencephalic neurosecretory cells in teleosts. Cell Tissue Res 242:445–448
Miller KE, Kriebel RM (1986a) Cytology of brain stem neurons projecting to the caudal neurosecretory complex: an HRP Electron microscopic study. Brain Res Bull 16:183–188
Miller KE, Kriebel RM (1986b) Peptidergic innervation of caudal neurosecretory neurons. Gen Comp Endocrinol 64:396–400
Mills A, Zakon HH (1987) Coordination of EOD frequency and pulse duration in a weakly electric wave fish: the influence of androgens. J Comp Physiol [A] 161:417–430
Molist P, Maslam S, Velzing E, Roberts BL (1993) The organization of cholinergic neurons in the mesencephalon of the eel, Anguilla anguilla, as determined by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase enzyme histochemistry. Cell Tissue Res 271:555–566
Moller P, Szabo T (1981) Lesions in the nucleus mesencephali exterolateralis: effects in electrocommunication in the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyriformes). J Comp Physiol 144:327–333
Moons L, Cambré M, Batten TFC, Vandesande F (1989) Autoradiographic localization of binding sites for vasotocin in the brain and pituitary of the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Neurosci Lett 100:11–16
Moons L, Batten TFC, Vandesande F (1991) Autoradiographic distribution of galanin binding sites in the brain and pituitary of the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Neurosci Lett 123:49–52
Moons L, Batten TFC, Vandesande F (1992) Comparative distribution of substance P (SP) and cholecystokinin (CCK) binding sites and immunoreactivity in the brain of the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Peptides 13:37–46
Morgan GC Jr (1975) The telencephalon of the sea catfish Galeichthys felis. J Hirnforsch 16:131–150
Morita Y, Finger TE (1985a) Reflex connections of the facial and vagal gustatory systems in the brainstem of the bullhead catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus. J Comp Neurol 231:547–558
Morita Y, Finger TE (1985b) Topographic and laminar organization of the vagal gustatory system in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. J Comp Neurol 238:187–201
Morita Y, Finger TE (1987a) Area postrema of the goldfish, Carassius auratus: ultrastructure, fiber connections, and immunocytochemistry. J Comp Neurol 256:104–116
Morita Y, Finger TE (1987b) Topographic representation of the sensory and motor roots of the vagus nerve in the medulla of goldfish, Carassius auratus. J Comp Neurol 264:231–249
Morita Y, Ito H, Masai H (1980) Central gustatory paths in the crucian carp, Carassius carassius. J Comp Neurol 191:119–132
Morita Y, Murakami T, Ito H (1983) Cytoarchitecture and topographic projections of the gustatory centers in a teleost, Carassius carassius. J Comp Neurol 218:378–394
Mugnaini E, Maler L (1987a) Cytology and immunocytochemistry of the nucleus of the lateral line lobe in the electric fish Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae): evidence suggesting that GABAergic synapses mediate an inhibitory corollary discharge. Synapse 1:32–56
Mugnaini E, Maler L (1987b) Cytology and immunocytochemistry of the nucleus extrolateralis anterior of the mormyrid brain: possible role of GABAergic synapses in temporal analysis. Anat Embryol (Berl) 176:313–336
Münz H, Claas B (1981) Centrifugal innervation of the retina in cichlid and poecilid fishes. A horseradish peroxidase study. Neurosci Lett 22:223–226
Münz H, Stumpf WE, Jennes L (1981) LHRH systems in the brain of platyfish. Brain Res 221:1–13
Münz H, Claas B, Stumpf WE, Jennes L (1982) Centrifugal innervation of the retina by luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)-immunoreactive telencephalic neurons in teleostean fishes. Cell Tissue Res 222:313–323
Murakami T, Ito H (1985) Long ascending projections of the spinal dorsal horn in a teleost, Sebastiscus marmoratus. Brain Res 346:168–170
Murakami T, Morita Y (1987) Morphology and distribution of the projection neurons in the cerebellum in a teleost: Sebastiscus marmoratus. J Comp Neurol 256:607–623
Murakami T, Morita Y, Ito H (1983) Extrinsic and intrinsic fiber connections of the telencephalon in a teleost, Sebastiscus marmoratus. J Comp Neurol 216:115–131
Murakami T, Fukuoka T, Ito H (1986a) Telencephalic ascending acousticolateral system in a teleost (Sebastiscus marmoratus), with special reference to the fiber connections of the nucleus preglomerulosus. J Comp Neurol 247:383–397
Murakami T, Morita Y, Ito H (1986b) Cytoarchitecture and fiber connections of the superficial pretectum in a teleost, Navodon modestus. Brain Res 373:213–221
Murakami T, Ito H, Morita Y (1986c) Telencephalic afferent nuclei in the carp diencephalon, with special reference to fiber connections of the nucleus preglomerulosus pars lateralis. Brain Res 382:97–103
Murray M, Edwards MA (1982) A quantitative study of the reinnervation of the goldfish optic tectum following optic nerve crush. J Comp Neurol 209:363–373
Muske LE (1993) Evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal systems. Brain Behav Evol 42:215–230
Myers PZ (1985) Spinal motoneurons of the larval zebrafish. J Comp Neurol 236:555–561
Myers PZ, Eisen JS, Westerfield M (1986) Development and axonal outgrowth of identified motoneurons in the zebra-fish. J Neurosci 6:2278–2289
Nadi S, Maler L (1987) The laminar distribution of amino acids in the caudal cerebellum and electrosensory lateral line lobe of weakly electric fish (Gymnotidae). Brain Res 425:218–224
Nagatsu I, Karasawa N, Kawakami Y, Yoohida M (1984) Studies on monoamine-containing neurons by immunoenzyme-histocytochemistry and immunohistocytochemistry with special reference to goldfish brain. Acta Histochem Cytochem 17:151–160
Nakajima Y (1974) Fine structure of the synaptic endings in the Mauthner cell of the goldfish. J Comp Neurol 156:375–402
Nakajima Y, Kohno K (1978) Fine structure of the Mauthner cell synaptic topography and comparative study. In: Faber DS, Korn H (eds) Neurobiology of the Mauthner cell. Raven, New York, pp 133–166
Nederstigt LJA, Schellart NAM (1986) Acousticolateral processing in the torus semicircularis of the trout Salmo gairdneri. Pflugers Arch 406:151–157
Nelson GJ (1969) Origin and diversification of teleostean fishes. Ann NY Acad Sci 167:18–30
Nelson JS (1984) Fishes of the world. Wiley, New York
New JG, Singh S (1994) Central topography of anterior lateral line nerve projections in the Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Brain Behav Evol 43:34–50
Nieuwenhuys R (1962) Trends in the evolution of actinopterygian fishes. J Morphol 111:69–88
Nieuwenhuys R (1963) The comparative anatomy of the actinopterygian forebrain. J Hirnforsch 6:171–200
Nieuwenhuys R (1964) Comparative anatomy of the spinal cord. Prog Brain Res 11:1–57
Nieuwenhuys R (1967a) Comparative anatomy of olfactory centers and tracts. Prog Brain Res 23:1–64
Nieuwenhuys R (1967b) Comparative anatomy of the cerebellum. Prog Brain Res 25:1–93
Nieuwenhuys R (1974) Topological analysis of the brain stem: a general introduction. J Comp Neurol 156:255–276
Nieuwenhuys R (1982) An overview of the organization of the brain of actinopterygian fishes. Am Zool 22:287–310
Nieuwenhuys R, Bodenheimer TS (1966) The diencephalon of the primitive bony fish Polypterus in the light of the problem of homology. J Morphol 118:415–450
Nieuwenhuys R, Meek J (1985) Constructional principles of the brain stem in amniotes, with emphasis on actinopterygian fishes. Fortschr Zool 30:515–528
Nieuwenhuys R, Meek J (1990) The telencephalon of actinopterygian fishes. In: Jones EG, Peters A (eds) Comparative structure and evolution of cerebral cortex, part I. Plenum, New York, pp 31–73 (Cerebral cortex, vol 8A)
Nieuwenhuys R, Nicholson C (1967) The cerebellum of mormyrids. Nature 215:764–765
Nieuwenhuys R, Nicholson C (1969a) A survey of the general morphology, the fiber connections, and the possible functional significance of the gigantocerebellum of mormyrid fishes. In: Llinás R (ed) Neurobiology of cerebellar evolution and development. Am Med Ass Educ Res Found, Chicago, pp 107–134
Nieuwenhuys R, Nicholson C (1969b) Aspects of the histology of the cerebellum of mormyrid fishes. In: Llinás R (ed) Neurobiology of cerebellar evolution and development. Am Med Ass Educ Res Found, Chicago, pp 135–169
Nieuwenhuys R, Pouwels E (1983) The brain stem of actinopterygian fishes. In: Northcutt RG, Davis RE (eds) Fish neurobiology. 1. Brain stem and sense organs. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 25–87
Nieuwenhuys R, Verrijdt PWY (1983) Structure and connections of the telencephalon of the teleost fish Xenomystis nigri. II. The area dorsalis. Acta Morphol Neerl Scand 21:330
Nieuwenhuys R, Pouwels E, Smulders-Kersten E (1974) The neuronal organization of cerebellar lobe C1 in the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii (Teleostei). Z Anat Entwickl Gesch 144:315–336
Niida A, Ohno T (1984) An extensive projection of fish dorsolateral tegmental cells to the optic tectum revealed by intra-axonal dye marking. Neurosci Lett 48:261–266
Niida A, Oka H, Iwata KS (1980) Visual responses of morphologically identified tectal neurons in the crucian carp. Brain Res 201:361–371
Niida A, Ohno T, Iwata KS (1989) Efferent tectal cells of crucian carp: physiology and morphology. Brain Res Bull 22:389–398
Nilsson S (1980) Sympathetic nervous control of the iris sphincter of the atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. J Comp Physiol 138:149–155
Nissanov J, Eaton RC, DiDomenico R (1990) The motor output of the Mauthner cell, a reticulospinal command neuron. Brain Res 517:88–98
Noe BD, Milgram SL, Balasubramaniam A, Andrews PC, Calka J, McDonald JK (1989) Localization and characterization of neuropeptide Y-like peptides in the brain and islet organ of the anglerfish (Lophius americanus). Cell Tissue Res 257:303–311
Northcutt RG (1982) Localization of neurons afferent to the optic tectum in longnose gars. J Comp Neurol 204:325–335
Northcutt RG (1983a) Evolution of the optic tectum in rayfinned fishes. In: Davis RE, Northcutt RG (eds) Fish neurobiology. 2. Higher brain areas and functions. Univ of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 1–42
Northcutt RG (1983b) Brain stem neurons that project to the spinal cord in garpike (Holostei). Anat Rec 205:144A
Northcutt RG, Braford MR Jr (1980) New observations on the organization and evolution of the telencephalon of actinopterygian fishes. In: Ebbesson SOE (ed) Comparative neurology of the telencephalon. Plenum, New York, pp 41–98
Northcutt RG, Braford MR Jr (1984) Some efferent connections of the superficial pretectum in the goldfish. Brain Res 296:181–184
Northcutt RG, Butler AB (1976) Retinofugal pathways in the longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus). J Comp Neurol 166:1–16
Northcutt RG, Butler AB (1980) Projections of the optic tectum in the longnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus. Brain Res 190:333–346
Northcutt RG, Butler AB (1991) Retinofugal and retinopetal projections in the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus. Brain Behav Evol 37:333–354
Northcutt RG, Butler AB (1993a) The diencephalon and optic tectum of the longnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus (L.): cytoarchitectonics and distribution of acetylcholinesterase. Brain Behav Evol 41:57–81
Northcutt RG, Butler AB (1993b) The diencephalon of the pacific herring, Clupea harengus: retinofugal projections to the diencephalon and optic tectum. J Comp Neurol 328:547–561
Northcutt RG, Davis RE (1983) Telencephalic organization in ray-finned fishes. In: Davis RE, Northcutt RG (eds) Fish neurobiology. 2. Higher brain areas and functions. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 203–236
Northcutt RG, Wullimann MF (1988) The visual system in teleost fishes: morphological patterns and trends. In: Atema J, Fay RR, Poppema AN, Tavolga WN (eds) Sensory biology of aquatic animals. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 515–552
Northmore DPM (1984) Visual and saccadic activity in the goldfish torus longitudinalis. J Comp Physiol [A] 155:333–340
Northmore DPM (1989a) Quantitative electrophysiological studies of regenerating visuotopic maps in goldfish. I. Early recovery of dimming sensitivity in tectum and torus semicircularis. Neuroscience 32:739–747
Northmore DPM (1989b) Quantitative electrophysiological studies of regenerating visuotopic maps in goldfish. II. Delayed recovery of sensitivity to small light flashes. Neuroscience 32:749–757
Northmore DPM (1991) Visual responses of nucleus isthmi in a teleost fish (Lepomis macrochirus). Vis Res 31:525–535
Northmore DPM, Williams B, Vanegas H (1983) The teleostean torus longitudinalis: responses related to eye movements; visuotopic mapping, and functional relations with the optic tectum. J Comp Physiol [A] 150:39–50
O’Brien JP, Kriebel RM (1982) Brain stem innervation of the caudal neurosecretory system. Cell Tissue Res 227:153–160
Oka S, Chiba A, Honma Y, Iwanaga T, Fujita T (1993) Development of the caudal neurosecretory system of the chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, as revealed by immunohistochemistry for urotensins I and II. Cell Tissue Res 272:221–226
Oka Y (1980) The origin of the centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulb in the goldfish, Carassius auratus: an experimental study using the fluorescent dye primuline as a retrograde tracer. Brain Res 185:215–225
Oka Y (1983) Golgi, electron microscopic and combined Golgi-electron microscopic studies of the mitral cells in the goldfish olfactory bulb. Neuroscience 8:723–742
Oka Y (1992) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells of the terminal nerve as a model neuromodulator system. Neurosci Lett 142:119–122
Oka Y, Ichikawa M (1990) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunoreactive system in the brain of the dwarf gourami (Colisa lalia) as revealed by light microscopic immunocytochemistry using a monoclonal antibody to common amino acid sequence of GnRH. J Comp Neurol 300:511–522
Oka Y, Ichikawa M (1991) Ultrastructure of the ganglion cells of the terminal nerve in the dwarf gourami (Colisa lalia). J Comp Neurol 304:161–171
Oka Y, Ichikawa M (1992) Ultrastructural characterization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-immunoreactive terminal nerve cells in the dwarf gourami. Neurosci Lett 140:200–202
Oka Y, Matsushima T (1993) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-immunoreactive terminal nerve cells have intrinsic rhythmicity and project widely in the brain. J Neurosci 13:2161–2176
Oka Y, Ueda K (1981) Telencephalic afferents in the goldfish: an anterograde degeneration study. Brain Res Bull 7:391–394
Oka Y, Ichikawa M, Ueda K (1982) Synaptic organization of the olfactory bulb and central projection of the olfactory tract. In: Hara TJ (ed) Chemoreception in fishes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 61–75
Oka Y, Satou M, Ueda K (1986a) Descending pathways to the spinal cord in the himé salmon (landlocked red salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka). J Comp Neurol 254:91–103
Oka Y, Satou M, Ueda K (1986b) Ascending pathways from the spinal cord in the himé salmon (landlocked red salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka). J Comp Neurol 254:104–112
Oka Y, Munro AD, Lam TJ (1986c) Retinopetal projections from a subpopulation of ganglion cells of the nervus terminalis in the dwarf gourami (Colisa lalia). Brain Res 367:341–345
Okawara Y, Ko D, Morley SD, Richter D, Lederis KP (1992) In situ hybridization of corticotropin-releasing factorencoding messenger RNA in the hypothalamus of the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni. Cell Tissue Res 267:545–549
Oksche A (1969) The subcommissural organ. J Neurol Visc Relat [Suppl] 9:111–139
Olivereau M, Olivereau J (1988) Localization of CRF-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of teleost fish. Peptides 9:13–21
Olivereau M, Olivereau J (1989) Quantitative changes of CRF-like immunoreactivity in eels treated with reserpine and cortisol. Peptides 9:1261–1267
Olivereau M, Olivereau J (1990) Corticotropin-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of three teleost species (goldfish, trout and eel). Cell Tissue Res 262:115–123
Olivereau M, Olivereau J (1991) Immunocytochemical localization of a galanin-like peptidergic system in the brain and pituitary of some teleost fish. Histochemistry 96:343–354
Olivereau M, Ollevier F, Vandesande F, Verdonck W (1984a) Immunocytochemical identification of CRF-like and SRIF-like peptides in the brain and pituitary of cyprinid fish. Cell Tissue Res 237:379–382
Olivereau M, Ollevier F, Vandesande F, Olivereau J (1984b) Somatostatin in the brain and the pituitary of some teleosts. Immunocytochemical identification and the effect of starvation. Cell Tissue Res 238:289–296
Olivereau M, Moons L, Olivereau J, Vandesande F (1988) Coexistence of corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity and vasotocin in perikarya of the preoptic nucleus in the eel. Gen Comp Endocrinol 70:41–48
Olivereau M, Olivereau J, Vandesande F (1990) Localization of growth-hormone-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of some teleost species. Cell Tissue Res 259:73–80
Onishi K (1987) Proposed tertiary olfactory pathways in teleost, Carassius auratus. Zool Sci (Japan) 4:427–431
Onstott D, Eide R (1986a) Coexistence of urotensin I, corticotropin releasing factor and urotensin II immunoreactive cells in the caudal neurosecretory system of a teleost and an elasmobranch fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 63:295–300
Onstott D, Elde R (1986b) Immunohistochemical localization of urotensin corticotropin releasing factor, urotensin II, and serotonin immunoreactivities in the caudal spinal cord of non-teleost fish. J Comp Neurol 249:205–225
Östholm T, Ekström P, Ebbesson SOE (1992) Postsmolt change in numbers of acetylcholinesterase-positive cells in the pineal organ of the Pacific coho salmon. Cell Tissue Res 270:281–286
Overmier JB, Hollis KL (1983) The teleostean telencephalon in learning. In: Davis RE, Northcutt RG (eds) Fish neurobiology. 2. Higher areas and functions. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 265–284
Page CH (1970) Electrophysiological study of auditory responses in the goldfish brain. J Neurophysiol 33:116–28
Page CH, Sutterlin AM (1970) Visual-auditory responses in the goldfish tegmentum. J Neurophysiol 33:129–36
Parent A (1983) The monoamine-containing neuronal system in the teleostean brain. In: Parent A, Northcutt RG (eds) Fish neurobiology. 2. Higher brain areas and functions. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 285–315
Parent A, Northcutt RG (1982) The monoamine-containing neurons in the brain of the garfish, Lepisosteus osseus. Brain Res Bull 9:189–204
Parent A, Poitras D, Dubé L (1984) Comparative anatomy of central monoaminergic systems. In: Björklund A, Hökfelt T (eds) Classical transmitters in the CNS, part I. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 409–439 (Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy, vol 2)
Parent A, Dube L, Braford MR Jr, Northcutt RG (1978) The Organization of monoamine-containing neurons in the brain of the sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) as revealed by fluorescence microscopy. J Comp Neurol 182:495–516
Parkyn DC, Hawryshyn CW (1993) Polarized-light sensitivity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): characterization from multi-unit responses in the optic nerve. J Comp Physiol [A] 172:493–500
Partridge BL, Heiligenberg W, Matusbara J (1981) The neural basis of a sensory filter in the jamming avoidance response: no grandmother cells in sight. J Comp Physiol 145:153–168
Pastor AM, Torres B, Delgado-GarcÃa JM, Baker R (1991) Discharge characteristics of medial rectus and abducens motoneurons in the goldfish. J Neurophysiol 66:2125–2140
Paul DH (1982) The cerebellum of fishes: a comparative neurophysiological and neuroanatomical review. Adv Comp Physiol Biochem 8:111–177
Paxton JR, Eschmeyer WN (eds) (1995) Encyclopedia of fishes. Academic, San Diego
Peruzzo B, RodrÃguez S, Dellannoy L, Hein S, RodrÃguez EM, Oksche A (1987) Ultrastructural immunocytochemical study of the massa caudalis of the subcommissural organ-Reissner’s fiber complex in lamprey larvae (Geotria australis): evidence for a terminal vascular route of the secretory material. Cell Tissue Res 247:367–376
Peter RE, Freyer JN (1983) Endocrine functions of the hypothalamus of actinopterygians. In: Davis RE, Northcutt RG (eds) Fish neurobiology. 2. Higher brain areas and functions. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 165–201
Peter RE, Gill VE (1975) A stereotaxic atlas and technique for forebrain nuclei of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. J Comp Neurol 159:69–102
Peters RC, van Steenderen GW, Kotrschal K (1987) A chemoreceptive function for the anterior dorsal fin in rocklings (Gaidropsarus and Ciliata: Teleostei: Gadidae): Electrophysiological evidence. J Mar Biol Ass UK 67:819–823
Peyrichoux J, Pierre J, Repérant J, Rio JP (1986) Fine structure of the optic fiber termination layer in the tectum of the teleost Rutilus: a stereological and morphometric study. J Comp Neurol 246:364–381
Peyrichoux J, Pierre J, Repérant J, Rio JP, Ward P (1988) A longitudinal study of the effects of retinal ablation on the organization of the retinal target lamina of the optic tectum in the teleost, Rutilus rutilus. Brain Res 447:299–313
Phan M, Maler L (1983) Distribution of muscarinic receptors in the caudal cerebellum and electrosensory lateral line lobe of gymnotiform fish. Neurosci Lett 42:137–143
Pickavana LC, Staines WA, Fryer JN (1992) Distribution and colocalization of neuropeptide Y and somatostatin in the goldfish brain. J Chem Neuroanat 5:221–233
Pinganaud G, Clairambault P (1979) The visual system of the trout Salmo irideus Gibb. A degeneration and radioautographic study. J Hirnforsch 20:413–431
Piñuela C, Baatrup E, Geneser TA (1992a) Histochemical distribution of zinc in the brain of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. I. The telencephalon. Anat Embryol (Berl) 185:379–388
Piñuela C, Baatrup E, Geneser TA (1992b) Histochemical distribution of zinc in the brain of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. II. The diencephalon. Anat Embryol (Berl) 186:275–284
Platel R, Ridet J-M, Bauchot R, Diagne M (1977) L’organisation encéphalique chez Amia, Lepisosteus et Polypterus. Morphologie et analyse quantitative comparées. J Hirnforsch 18:69–73
Platt C (1983) The peripheral vestibular system in fishes. In: Northcutt RG, Davis RE (eds) Fish neurobiology, vol 1. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 89–124
Platt C, Popper AN, Fay RR (1989) The ear as part of the octavolateralis system. In: Coombs S, Görner P, Münz H (eds) The mechanosensory lateral line. Neurobiology and evolution. Springer, New York, pp 633–651
Polenov AL, Belenky MA, Kornienko GG, Konstantinova MS (1984) The hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the wild carp, Cyprinus carpio. I. Structure and ultrastructure of the posterior neurohypophysis. Cell Tissue Res 237:139–147
Poli A, Villani L, Migani P, Monarini A, Contestabile A (1984) Evidence for a neurotransmitter role of aspartate and/or glutamate in the projection from the torus longitudinalis to the optic tectum of the goldfish. Neuroscience 12:1157–1165
Pontet A, Danger JM, Dubourg P, Pelletier G, Vaudry H, Calas A, Kah O (1989) Distribution and characterization of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of the goldfish. Cell Tissue Res 255:529–538
Popper AN (1983) Organization of the inner ear and auditory processing. In: Northcutt RG, Davis RE (eds) Fish neurobiology, vol 1. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 125–178
Popper AN, Fay RR (1993) Sound detection and processing by fish: critical review and major research questions. Brain Behav Evol 41:14–38
Pouwels E (1978a) On the development of the cerebellum of the trout Salmo gairdneri. I. Patterns of cell migration. Anat Embryol (Berl) 152:291–308
Pouwels E (1978b) On the development of the cerebellum of the trout Salmo gairdneri. II. Early development. Anat Embryol (Berl) 152:309–324
Pouwels E (1978c) On the development of the cerebellum of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. III. Development of neuronal elements. Anat Embryol (Berl) 153:37–54
Pouwels E (1978d) On the development of the cerebellum of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. IV. Development of the pattern of connectivity. Anat Embryol (Berl) 153:55–65
Pouwels E (1978e) On the development of the cerebellum of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. V. Neuroglial cells and their development. Anat Embryol (Berl) 153:67–83
Prasada Rao PD, Finger TE (1984) Asymmetry of the olfactory system in the brain of the winter flounder, Pseudo-pleuronectes americanus. J Comp Neurol 225:492–510
Prasada Rao PD, Kulkarni AP (1991) Retinopetal neuronal systems in the brain of an air-breathing teleost fish: Channa punctata. Cell Tissue Res 263:385–394
Prasada Rao PD, Sharma SC (1982) Retinofugal pathways in juvenile and adult channel catfish, Ictalurus (ameiurus) punctatus: an HRP and autoradiographic study. J Comp Neurol 210:37–48
Prasada Rao PD, Jadhao AG, Sharma SC (1987) Descending projection neurons to the spinal cord of the goldfish. J Comp Neurol 265:96–108
Prasada Rao PD, Jadhao AG, Sharma SC (1993a) Topographic organization of descending projection neurons to the spinal cord of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Brain Res 620:211–220
Prasada Rao PD, Job TC, Schreibman MP (1993b) Hypophysiotropic Neurons in the hypothalamus of the catfish Clarias batrachus: a cobaltous lysine and HRP study. Brain Behav Evol 42:24–38
Presson JC, Fernald RD (1986) Development of the optic tract in the cichlid fish Haplochromis burtoni. Dev Brain Res 26:179–186
Pritz-Hohmeier S, Hanisch S, Malz CR, Michel H, Meyer DL, Reichenbach A (1993) Optic tectum in congenitally monophthalmic fishes and chicks. J Hirnforsch 34:407–415
Puzdrowski RL (1987) The peripheral distribution and central projections of the sensory rami of the facial nerve in goldfish, Carassius auratus. J Comp Neurol 259:382–293
Puzdrowski RL (1988) Afferent projections of the trigeminal nerve in goldfish, Carassius auratus. J Morphol 198:1–10
Puzdrowski RL (1989) Peripheral distribution and central projections of the lateral line nerves in goldfish, Carassius auratus. Brain Behav Evol 34:110–131
Rama Krishna NS, Subhedar N (1989) Hypothalamic innervation of the pituitary in the catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.): a retrograde horseradish peroxidase study. Neurosci Lett 107:39–44
Rama Krishna NS, Subhedar NK (1991) Cytoarchitectonic pattern of the hypothalamus in the catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). J Hirnforsch 3:289–308
Rama Krishna NS, Subhedar NK (1992) Distribution of FMRF amide-like immunoreactivity in the forebrain of the catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Peptides 13:183–191
Rama Krishna NS, Subhedar NK, Schreibman MP (1992) FMRF-amide-like immunoreactive nervus terminalis innervation to the pituitary in the catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.): demonstration by lesion and immunohistochemical techniques. Gen Comp Endocrinol 85:111–117
Ramón Y Cajal S (1911) Histologie du Systeme nerveux de rhomme et des vertébrés II. Maloine, Paris (reprint CSIC, Madrid, 1955), pp 217–226
Raymond PA (1986) Movement of retinal terminals in goldfish optic tectum predicted by analysis of neuronal proliferation. J Neurosci 6:2479–2488
Raymond PA, Easter SS Jr (1983) Postembryonic growth of the optic tectum in goldfish. I. Location of germinal cells and numbers of neurons produced. J Neurosci 5:1077–1091
Raymond PA, Easter SS Jr, Burnham JA, Powers MK (1983) Postembryonic growth of the optic tectum in goldfish. II. Modulation of cell proliferation by retinal fiber input. J Neurosci 5:1092–1099
Reaves TA, Hayward JN (1979) Isotocinergic neurons in the goldfish hypothalamus: physiological and morphological studies on chemically identified cells. Cell Tissue Res 202:17–23
Reaves TA Jr, Hayward JN (1980) Functional and morphological studies of peptide-containing neuroendocrine cells in goldfish hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 193:777–788
Reichenbach A, Schaaf P, Schneider H (1990) Primary neurulation in teleosts. Evidence for epithelial genesis of central nervous tissue as in other vertebrates. J Hirnforsch 31:152–158
Resink JW, Voorthuis PK, van de Hurk R, Vullings HGB, van Oordt PGWJ (1989) Pheromone detection and olfactory pathways in the brain of the female African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Cell Tissue Res 256:337–345
Réthelyi M, Szabo T (1973a) A particular nucleus in the mesencephalon of a weakly electric fish, Gymnotus carapo, Gymnotidae. I. Light microscopic observations. Exp Brain Res 17:229–241
Réthelyi M, Szabo T (1973b) Neurohistological analysis of the lateral line lobe in a weakly electric fish, Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotidae, Pisces). Exp Brain Res 18:323–339
Rhodes KJ, Zottoli SJ, Mufson EJ (1986) Choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemical staining in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) brain: evidence that the Mauthner cell does not contain choline acetyltransferase. Brain Res 381:215–224
Riddle DR, Oakley B (1991) Evaluation of the organization of the primary olfactory projection in rainbow trout. J Neurosci 11:3752–3762
Riddle DR, Oakley B (1992) Immunocytochemical identification of primary olfactory afferents in rainbow trout. J Comp Neurol 324:575–589
Ridet J-M, Bauchot R (1990a) Analyse quantitative de l’encéphale des téléostéens: caracteres évolutifs et adaptatifs de Pencéphalisation. I. Généralités et analyse globale. J Hirnforsch 31:51–63
Ridet J-M, Bauchot R (1990b) Analyse quantitative del’ encéphale des téléostéens: caracteres évolutifs et adaptatifs de l’encéphalisation. II. Les grandes subdivisions encéphali-ques. J Hirnforsch 31:433–458
Ridet J-M, Bauchot R (1991) Analyse quantitative de l’encéphale des téléostéens: caracteres évolutifs et adaptatifs del’encéphalisation. III. Analyse multivariée des indices encé-phaliques. J Hirnforsch 32:439–449
Roberts BL (1992) Neural mechanisms underlying escape behaviour in fishes. Rev Fish Biol Fish 2:243–266
Roberts BA, Meredith GE (1989) The efferent system. In: Coombs S, Görner P, Münz H (eds) The mechanosensory lateral line. Neurobiology and evolution. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 445–459
Roberts BL, Meredith GE, Maslam S (1989) Immunocytochemical analysis of the dopamine system in the brain and spinal cord of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Anat Embryol (Berl) 180:401–412
Roberts BL, van Rossum A, de Jager S (1992) The influence of cerebellar lesions on the swimming performance of the trout. J Exp Biol 167:171–178
Robertson JD, Bodenheimer TS, Stage DE (1963) The ultrastructure of Mauthner cell synapses and nodes in goldfish brains. J Cell Biol 19:159–199
Rodriguez S, Rodriguez PA, Banse C, Rodriguez EM, Oksche A (1987) Reissner’s fiber, massa caudalis, and ampulla caudalis in the spinal cord of lamprey larvae (Geotria australis) light microscopic immunocytochemical and lectinhistochemical studies. Cell Tissue Res 247:359–366
Rome LC, Swank D, Corda D (1993) How fish power swimming. Science 261:340–343
Romeskie M, Sharma SC (1979) The goldfish optic tectum: a Golgi study. Neuroscience 4:625–642
Rooney D, Szabo T (1991) Reciprocal connections between the ‘nucleus rotundus’ and the dorsal lateral telencephalon in the weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii. Brain Res 543:153–156
Rooney D, New JG, Szabo T, Ravaille-Veron M (1989) Central connections of the olfactory bulb in the weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii. Cell Tissue Res 257:423–436
Rooney D, Døving KB, Ravaille-Veron M, Szabo T (1992) The central connections of the olfactory bulbs in cod, Gadus morhua L. J Hirnforsch 33:63–75
Rose GJ, Call SJ (1992) Differential distribution of ampullary and tuberous processing in the torus semicircularis of Eigenmannia. J Comp Physiol [A] 170:253–261
Rose GJ, Call SJ (1993) Temporal filtering properties of midbrain neurons in an electric fish: implications for the function of dendritic spines. J Neurosci 13:1178–1189
Rose GJ, Carfield JG (1991) Discrimination of the sign of frequency differences by Sternopygus, an electric fish without a jamming avoidance response. J Comp Physiol [A] 168:461–467
Rose GJ, Heiligenberg W (1985) Structure and function of electrosensory neurons in the torus semicircularis of Eigenmannia: morphological correlates phase and amplitude sensitivity. J Neurosci 8:2269–2280
Rose GJ, Heiligenberg W (1986a) Neural coding of difference frequencies in the midbrain of the electric fish Eigenmannia: reading the sense of rotation in an amplitude-phase plane. J Comp Physiol [A] 158:613–620
Rose GJ, Heiligenberg W (1986b) Limits of phase and amplitude sensitivity in the torus semicircularis of Eigenmannia. J Comp Physiol [A] 159:813–822
Rose GJ, Keller C, Heiligenberg W (1987) ‘Ancestral’ neural mechanisms of electrolocation suggest a substrate for the evolution of the jamming avoidance response. J Comp Physiol [A] 160:491–500
Rose GJ, Kawasaki M, Heiligenberg W (1988) ‘Recognition units’ at the top of a neuronal hierarchy? Prepacemaker neurons in Eigenmannia code the sign of frequency differences unambiguously. J Comp Physiol [A] 162:759–772
Ross LS, Parrett T, Easter SS Jr (1992) Axonogenesis and morphogenesis in the embryonic zebrafish brain. J Neurosci 12:467–482
Rowe JS, Beauchamp RD (1982) Visual responses of nucleus corticalis neurons in the perciform teleost, northern rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris rupestris). Brain Res 236:205–209
Rusoff AC (1984) Paths of axons on the visual system of perciform fish and implications of these paths for rules governing axonal growth. J Neurosci 4:1414–1428
Rusoff AC, Easter SS Jr (1980) Order in the optic nerve of goldfish. Science 208:311–312
Rusoff AC, Hapner SJ (1990a) Organization of retinopetal axons in the optic nerve of the cichlid fish, Herotilapia multispinosa. J Comp Neurol 294:418–430
Rusoff AC, Hapner SJ (1990b) Development of retinopetal projections in the cichlid fish, Herotilapia multispinosa. J Comp Neurol 294:431–442
Russell CJ, Bell CC (1978) Neuronal responses to electrosensory input in mormyrid valvula cerebelli. J Neurophysiol 41:1495–1510
Saidel WM (1988) How to be unseen: an essay in obscurity. In: Atema J, Fay RR, Popper AH, Tavolga WN (eds) Sensory biology of aquatic animals. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 487–513
Saidel WM, Buttler AB (1991) Retinal projections in the freshwater butterfly fish, Pantodon buchholzi (Osteoglossoidei). II. Differential projections of the dorsal and ventral hemiretinas. Brain Behav Evol 38:154–168
Sajovic P, Levinthal C (1982a) Visual cells of zebrafish optic tectum: mapping with small spots. Neuroscience 7:2407–2426
Sajovic P, Levinthal C (1982b) Visual response properties of zebrafish tectal cells. Neuroscience 7:2427–2440
Sajovic P, Levinthal C (1983) Inhibitory mechanism in zebrafish optic tectum: visual response properties of tectal cells altered by picrotoxin and bicuculline. Brain Res 271:227–240
Sakamoto N, Ito H (1982) Fiber connections of the corpus glomerulosum in a teleost, Navodon modestus. J Comp Neurol 205:291–298
Sakamoto N, Ito H, Ueda S (1981) Topographic projections between the nucleus isthmi and the optic tectum in a teleost, Navodon modestus. Brain Res 224:225–234
Sandri C, Akert K, Kristol C, van Buren JM, Bennett MVL (1976) AChE-positive and-negative motoneurones in the spinal cord of Sternarchus albifrons. Brain Res 111:157–161
Sas E, Maler L (1983) The nucleus praeeminentialis: a Golgi study of a feedback center in the electrosensory system of gymnotid fish. J Comp Neurol 221:127–144
Sas E, Maler L (1986a) The optic tectum of gymnotiform teleosts Eigenmannia virescens and Apteronotus leptorhynchus: a Golgi study. Neuroscience 18:215–246
Sas E, Maler L (1986b) Retinofugal projections in a weakly electric gymnotid fish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus). Neuroscience 18:247–259
Sas E, Maler L (1986c) Identification of a nucleus isthmi in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus (Gymnotidae). Brain Behav Evol 28:170–185
Sas E, Maler L (1987) The organization of afferent input to the caudal lobe of the cerebellum of gymnotid fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. Anat Embryol (Berl) 177:35–79
Sas E, Maler L (1991) Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of an electric fish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus) identified with monoclonal antibodies. J Chem Neuroanat 4:155–186
Sas E, Maler L, Tinner B (1990) Catecholaminergic systems in the brain of a gymnotiform teleost fish: an immunohistochemical study. J Comp Neurol 292:127–162
Sas E, Maler L, Weld M (1993) Connections of the olfactory bulb in the gymnotiform fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. J Comp Neurol 335:486–507
Satou M (1990) Synaptic organization, local neuronal circuitry, and functional segregation of the teleost olfactory bulb. Prog Neurobiol 34:115–142
Satou M (1992) Synaptic organization of the olfactory bulb and its central projection. In: Hara TJ (ed) Fish chemoreception. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 40–59
Satou M, Fujita I, Ichikawa M, Yamaguchi K, Ueda K (1983) Field potential and intracellular potential studies of the olfactory bulb in the carp: evidence for a functional separation of the olfactory bulb into lateral and medial subdivisions. J Comp Physiol 152A:319–333
Saunders J, Bastian J (1984) The physiology and morphology of two types of electrosensory neurons in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. J Comp Physiol 154:199–209
Schäfer H, Schulz R, Blüm V (1989) Immunoreactivity to gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotrophic hormone in the brain and pituitary of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Cell Tissue Res 257:227–235
Scheich H, Ebbesson SOE (1981) Inputs to the torus semicircularis in the electric fish Eigenmannia virescens. A horseradish peroxidase study. Cell Tissue Res 215:531–536
Schellart NAM (1983) Acousticolateral and visual processing and their interaction in the torus semicircularis of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. Neurosci Lett 42:39–44
Schellart NAM, Kamermans M, Nederstigt LJA (1987) An electrophysiological study of the topographical organization of the multisensory torus semicircularis of the rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol 88A:461–469
Schellart NAM, Prins M, Kroese ABA (1992) The pattern of trunk lateral line afferents and efferents in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Brain Behav Evol 39:371–380
Schikorski T, Braun N, Zimmermann H (1992) Cytoarchitectural organization of the electromotor system in the electric catfish (Malapterurus electricus). Cell Tissue Res 269:481–493
Schikorski T, Braun N, Zimmermann H (1994a) Immunocytochemical characterization of the synaptic innervation of a single spinal neuron, the electric catfish electromotoneuron. J Comp Neurol 343:647–657
Schikorski T, Braun N, Zimmermann H (1994b) Projection of brain stem neurons to the giant electromotoneurons in the cervical spinal cord of the electric catfish Malapterurus electricus. Brain Behav Evol 43:306–318
Schlussman SD, Kobylack MA, Dunn-Meynell AA, Sharma SC (1990) Afferent connections of the optic tectum in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Cell Tissue Res 262:531–541
Schmidt JT (1979) The laminar organization of optic nerve fibres in the tectum of goldfish. Proc R Soc Lond B 205:287–306
Schnitzlein HN (1968) Introductory remarks on the telencephalon of fish. In: Ingle D (ed) The central nervous system and fish behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 97–100
Schnitzlein HN, Brown HK (1975) Spinal motoneurons of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Brain Behav Evol 12:207–228
Schober A, Malz CR, Meyer DL (1993) Enzymehistochemical demonstration of nitric oxide synthase in the diencephalon of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Neurosci Lett 151:67–70
Scholes JH (1979) Nerve fibre topography in the retinal projection to the tectum. Nature 278:620–624
Scholes JH (1991) The design of the optic nerve in fish. Vis Neurosci 7:129–139
Schroeder DM, Vanegas H (1977) Cy to architecture of the tectum mesencephali in two types of siluroid teleosts. J Comp Neurol 175:287–300
Schroeder DM, Vanegas H, Ebbesson SOE (1980) Cytoarchitecture of the optic tectum of the squirrelfish, Holocentrus. J Comp Neurol 191:337–351
Schuster T (1973) Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am Nc. n. oculomotorii von Salmo irideus (Gibbons 1855). Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch 87:730–764
Schuster T (1974) Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung von Synapsen-Typen im Nc. n. oculomotorii von Salmo irideus. Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch 88:497–510
Schuster T, Schwartz A (1984) Teleost Mauthner cap cells: intimate contact by gap junctions. J Hirnforsch 25:331–341
Sester U, Probst W, Rahmann H (1984) Einfluss unterschiedlicher Akklimationtemperaturen auf die Ultrastruktur neuronaler Synapsen von Buntbarschen (Tilapia mariae; Cichlidae, Teleostei). J Hirnforsch 6:701–711
Sharma SC, Romeskie M (1984) Plasticity of retino-tectal connections in teleosts. In: Vanegas H (ed) Comparative neurology of the optic tectum. Plenum, New York, pp 163–184
Sharma SC, Dunn-Meynell AA, Kobylack MA (1985) A note on a tectal neuron projecting via the tectobulbar tract in teleosts. Neurosci Lett 59:265–270
Sharma SC, Berthoud VM, Breckwoldt R (1989) Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the goldfish brain. J Comp Neurol 279:104–116
Sharma SC, Jadhao AG, Prasada Rao PD (1993) Regeneration of supraspinal projection neurons in the adult goldfish. Brain Res 620:221–228
Sheldon RE, Brookover C (1909) The nervus terminalis in teleosts. Anat REc 3:257–259
Shiga T, Oka Y, Satou M, Okumoto N, Ueda K (1985a) Efferents from the supracommissural ventral telencephalon in the hime salmon (landlocked red salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka): an anterograde degeneration study. Brain Res Bull 14:55–61
Shiga T, Oka Y, Satou M, Okumoto N, Ueda K (1985b) A HRP study of afferent connections of the supracommissural ventral telencephalon and the medial preoptic area in Himé salmon (landlocked red salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka). Brain Res 364:162–177
Shiga T, Oka Y, Satou M, Okumoto N, Ueda K (1989) Neuronal organization of the supracommissural ventral telencephalon and the nucleus preopticus periventricularis in the Himé salmon (landlocked red salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka): a Golgi study. J Hirnforsch 30:153–161
Shumway CA (1989a) Multiple electrosensory maps in the medulla of weakly electric fish. I. Physiological differences. J Neurosci 9:4388–4399
Shumway CA (1989b) Multiple electrosensory maps in the medulla of weakly electric fish. II. Anatomical differences. J Neurosci 9:4400–4415
Shumway CA, Maler L (1989) GABAergic inhibition shapes temporal and spatial response properties of pyramidal cells in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of gymnotiform fish. J Comp Physiol [A] 164:391–407
Sibbing FA (1984) Food handling and mastication in the carp (Gyprinus carpis). PhD thesis, Wageningen, Netherlands
Silver WL, Finger TE (1984) Electrophysiological examination of the chemoreceptors on the free rays of the sea robin, Prionotus carolinus. J Comp Physiol 154:167–174
Skeen IC, Northmore DPM (1984) Patterns of deoxyglucose and glucose labeling in the optic tectum of monocularly stimulated bass. Neurosci Lett 52:191–197
Sligar CM, Voneida TJ (1976) Tectal efferents in the blind cave fish, Astyanax hubbsi. J Comp Neurol 165:107–124
Snow JL, Rylander MK (1982) A quantitative study of the optic system of butterfly fishes (Fam. Chaetodontodae). J Hirnforsch 23:121–125
Somogyi P, Eshhar N, Teichberg VI, Roberts JDB (1990) Subcellular localization of a putative kainate receptor in Bergmann glial cells using a monoclonal antibody in the chick and fish cerebellar cortex. Neuroscience 35:9–30
Song J, Northcutt RG (1991a) Morphology, distribution and innervation of the lateral-line receptors of the Florida gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus. Brain Behav Evol 37:10–37
Song J, Northcutt RG (1991b) The primary projections of the lateral-line nerves of the Florida gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus. Brain Behav Evol 37:38–63
Sorensen PW, Hara TJ, Stacey NE (1991) Sex pheromones selectively stimulate the medial olfactory tracts of male goldfish. Brain Res 558:343–347
Sotelo C, Rethelyi M, Szabo T (1975) Morphological correlates of electrotonic coupling in the magnocellular mesencephalic nucleus of the weakly electric fish Gymnotus carapo. J Neurocytol 4:587–607
Springer AD (1983) Centrifugal innervation of goldfish retina from ganglion cells of the nervus terminalis. J Comp Neurol 214:404–415
Springer AD, Gaffney JS (1981) Retinal projections in the goldfish: a study using cobaltous-lysine. J Comp Neurol 203:401–424
Springer AD, Mednick AS (1983) Dorsotemporal retinal ganglion cell axons of goldfish are located in the dorsal rather than ventral optic tract. Brain Res 273:152–155
Springer AD, Mednick AS (1984) Selective innervation of the goldfish suprachiasmatic nucleus by ventral retinal ganglion cell axons. Brain Res 323:293–296
Springer AD, Mednick AS (1985a) Retinofugal and retinopetal projections in the cichlid fish Astronotus ocellatus. J Comp Neurol 236:179–196
Springer AD, Mednick AS (1985b) Topography of the retinal projection to the superficial pretectal parvicellular nucleus of goldfish: a colbaltous-lysine study. J Comp Neurol 237:239–250
Springer AD, Mednick AS (1986a) Retinotopic and chronotopic organization of goldfish retinal ganglion cell axons throughout the optic nerve. J Comp Neurol 247:221–232
Springer AD, Mednick AS (1986b) Simple and complex retinal ganglion cell axonal rearrangements at the optic chi-asm. J Comp Neurol 247:233–245
Stefanelli A, Camposano A (1946/1947) I centri tegmentali dell’Anguilla e le relazioni degli elementi giganti del tegmento dei Ciclostomi, dei Pesci e degli Anfibi; ricerche sul sistema mauthneriano. Pubbl Staz Zool Napoli 20:1–27
Stell WK, Walker SE, Chohan KS, Ball AK (1984) The goldfish nervus terminalis: a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and molluscan cardio-cxcitatory peptide immunoreactive olfactoretinal pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:940–944
Stell WK, Walker SE, Ball AK (1987) Functional-anatomical studies on the terminal nerve projection to the retina of bony fishes. Ann NY Acad Sci 519:80–96
Stendell W (1914) Die Faseranatomie des Mormyridengehirns. Abh Senckenb Naturforsch Ges 36:3–40
Sterling P (1977) Anatomy and physiology of goldfish oculomotor system. I. Structure of abducens nucleus. J Neurophysiol 40:557–572
Stevenson JA, Yoon MG (1981) Mitosis of radial glial cells in the optic tectum of adult goldfish. J Neurosci 1:862–875
Stevenson JA, Yoon MG (1982) Morphology of radial glia, ependymal cells, and periventricular neurons in the optic tectum of goldfish (Carassius auratus). J Comp Neurol 205:128–138
Streit P, van Buren JM, Sandri C, Akert K, Bennett MVL (1978) Differential HRP labeling of motoneurons and electromotor neurons in the spinal cord of the gymnotid Ster-narchus albifrons. Brain Res 142:559–565
Striedter GF (1990a) The diencephalon of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. I. Nuclear organization. Brain Behav Evol 36:329–354
Striedter GF (1990b) The diencephalon of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. II. Retinal, tectal, cerebellar and telencephalic connections. Brain Behav Evol 36:355–377
Striedter GF (1991) Auditory, electrosensory and mechanosensory lateral line pathways through the forebrain in channel catfishes. J Comp Neurol 312:311–331
Striedter GF (1992) Phylogenetic changes in the connections of the lateral preglomerular nucleus in ostariophysan teleosts: a pluralistic view of brain evolution. Brain Behav Evol 39:329–357
Striedter GF, Northcutt RG (1989) Two distinct visual pathways through the superficial pretectum in a percomorph teleost. J Comp Neurol 283:342–354
Stroh T, Zupanc GKH (1993) Identification and localization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebellum of gymnotiform fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus. Neurosci Lett 160:145–148
Studnicka FK (1896) Beiträge zur Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte des Vorderhirns der Cranioten. SB Akad Böhm Wiss Math. nat. Kl, pt 2
Stuermer CAO (1984) Rules for retinotectal terminal arborizations in the goldfish optic tectum: a whole mount study. J Comp Neurol 229:214–232
Stuermer CAO (1988) Retinotopic organization of the developing retinotectal projection in the zebrafish embryo. J Neurosci 8:4513–4530
Stuermer CAO, Easter SS Jr (1984) A comparison of the normal and regenerated retinotectal pathways of goldfish. J Comp Neurol 223:57–76
Stuermer CAO, Raymond PA (1989) Developing retinotectal projection in larval goldfish. J Comp Neurol 281:630–640
Subhedar N, Rama Krishna NS, Prasada Rao PD (1990) The intrinsic organization of the nucleus preopticus in the catfish, Clarias batrachus. J Hirnforsch 31:25–40
Szabo T (1983) Cerebellar pathways in the brain of the mormyrid teleost fish. Acta Morphol Hung 31:219–234
Szabo T, Enger PS (1964) Pacemaker activity of the medullary nucleus controlling electric organs in high frequency gymnotid fish. Z Vgl Physiol 49:285–300
Szabo T, Libouban S (1979) On the course and origin of cranial nerves in the teleost fish Gnathonemus determined by ortho-and retrograde horseradish peroxidase axonal transport. Neurosci Lett 11:265–270
Szabo T, Sakata H, Ravaille M (1975) An electronically coupled pathway in the central nervous system of some teleost fish Gymnotidae and Mormyridae. Brain Res 95:459–474
Szabo T, Libouban S, Haugedé-Carré F (1979) Convergence of common and specific sensory afferents to the cerebellar auricle (auricula cerebelli) in the teleost fish Gnathonemus demonstrated by HRP method. Brain Res 168:619–622
Szabo T, Ravaille M, Libouban S, Enger PS (1983) The mormyrid rhombencephalon. I. Light and EM investigations on the structure and connections of the lateral line lobe nucleus with HRP labeling. Brain Res 266:1–19
Szabo T, Lazar G, Libouban S, Toth P, Ravaille M (1987) Oculomotor system of the weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii. J Comp Neurol 264:480–493
Szabo T, Heiligenberg W, Ravaille-Veron M (1989) HRP labeling and ultrastructural localization of prepacemaker terminals within the medullary pacemaker nucleus of the weakly electric gymnotiform fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. J Comp Neurol 284:169–173
Szabo T, Libouban S, Denizot J-P (1990) A well defined spinocerebellar system in the weakly electric teleost fish Gnathonemus petersii. A tracing and immunohistochemical study. Arch Ital Biol 128:229–247
Szabo T, Libouban S, Ravaille-Veron M (1991) Fibres longues ascendantes dans les colonnes dorsals d’n poisson téléostéen: une voie disynaptique reliant des organes sensoriels au cervelet. C R Acad Sci [Paris] 313 (III):413–420
Tapp RL (1974) Axon numbers and distribution, myelin thickness, and the reconstruction of the compound action potential in the optic nerve of the teleost: Eugerres plumieri. J Comp Neurol 153:267–274
Tavolga WN (1971) Sound production and detection. In: Hoar WS, Randall DJ (eds) Fish physiology, vol 5. Academic, New York, pp 135–205
Thommesen G (1983) Morphology, distribution, and specificity of olfactory receptor cells in salmonid fishes. Acta Physiol Scand 117:241–250
Tohyama M, Shiosaka S, Takagi H, Inagaki S, Takatsuki K, Sakanaka M, Senba E, Kawai Y, Minagawa H (1981) Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal lobes of the carp. Neurosci Lett 24:233–236
Tokunaga A, Akert K, Sandri C, Bennett MVL (1980) Cell types and synaptic organization of the medullary electromotor nucleus in a constant frequency weakly electric fish, Sternarchus albifrons. J Comp Neurol 192:407–426
Tong C-K, Pan M-P, Chang Y-C (1992) Characterization of L-glutamate and kainate binding sites in the brain of a freshwater fish, Telapilia monsanbica. Neuroscience 49:237–246
Tong S-L (1982) The nucleus praeeminentialis: an electro-and mechanoreceptive center in the brain stem of the catfish. J Comp Physiol 145:299–309
Tong S-L, Bullock TH (1982) Electroreceptive representation and its dynamics in the cerebellum of the catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus (Ictaluridae, Siluriformes). J Comp Physiol 145:289–298
Tong S-L, Finger TE (1983) Central organization of the electrosensory lateral line system in bullhead catfish Ictalurus nebulosus. J Comp Neurol 217:1–16
Torres B, Pastor AM, Cabrera B, Salas C, Delgado-GarcÃa JM (1992) Afferents to the oculomotor nucleus in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) as revealed by retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase. J Comp Neurol 324:449–461
Tricas TC, Highstein SM (1990) Visually mediated inhibition of lateral line primary afferent activity by the octavolateralis efferent system during predation in the free-swimming toadfish, Opsanus tau. Exp Brain Res 83:233–236
Tricas TC, Highstein SM (1991) Action of the octavolateralis efferent system upon the lateral line of free-swimming toadfish, Opsanus tau. J Comp Physiol [A] 169:25–37
Triller A, Korn H (1981) Morphologically distinct classes of inhibitory synapses arise from the same neurons: ultra-structural identification from crossed vestibular interneurons intracellularly stained with HRP. J Comp Neurol 203:131–155
Trujillo-Cenóz O, Bertolotto C (1990) Mauthner cells in the medulla of the weakly electric fish Gymnotus carapo. Experientia 46:441–443
Tsuji S (1975) Histochemical demonstration of ace-tylcholinesterase-rich cells in spinal electromotor nucleus of Electrophorus electricus. Brain Res 88:499–501
Tumosa D, Stell WK, Johnson CD, Epstein ML (1986) Putative cholinergic interneurons in the optic tectum of goldfish. Brain Res 370:365–369
Tuttle R, Masuko S, Nakajima Y (1987) Small vesicle bouton synapses on the distal half of the lateral dendrite of the goldfish Mauthner cell: Freeze-fracture and thin section study. J Comp Neurol 265:254–274
Uchiyama H (1989) Centrifugal pathways to the retina: influence of the optic tectum. Vis Neurosci 3:183–206
Uchiyama H (1990) Immunohistochemical subpopulations of retinopetal neurons in the nucleus olfactoretinalis in a teleost, the whitespotted greenling (Hexagrammos stellen). J Comp Neurol 293:34–62
Uchiyama H, Ito H (1984) Fiber connections and synaptic organization of the preoptic retinopetal nucleus in the filefish (Balistidae, Teleostei). Brain Res 298:11–24
Uchiyama H, Sakamoto N, Ito H (1981) A retinopetal nucleus in the preoptic area in a teleost, Navodon modestus. Brain Res 222:119–124
Uchiyama H, Ito H, Nakamura S (1985) Electrophysiological evidence for tectal efferents to the neurons projecting to the retina in a teleost fish. Exp Brain Res 57:408–410
Uchiyama H, Matsutani S, Ito H (1986) Tectal projection neurons to the retinopetal nucleus in the filefish. Brain Res 369:260–266
Uchiyama H, Matsutani S, Ito H (1988) Pretectum and accessory optic systems in the filefish Navodon modestus (Ballistidae, Teleostei) with special reference to visual projections to the cerebellum and oculomotor nuclei. Brain BehavEvol 31:170–180
Uehara M, Ueshima T (1986) Morphological studies of the spinal cord in tetraodontiformes fishes. J Morphol 190:325–333
Uematsu K, Shirasaki M, Storm-Mathisen J (1993) GABA-and glycine-immunoreactive neurons in the spinal cord of the carp, Cyprinus carpio. J Comp Neurol 332:59–68
Vallarino M (1985) Occurrence of β-endorphin-like immuno-reactivity in the brain of the teleost, Boops boops. Gen Comp Endocrinol 60:63–69
Van Asselt E, de Graaf F, Smit-Onel MJ, van Raamsdonk W (1991) Spinal neurons in the zebrafish labeled with fluorogold and wheat-germ agglutinin. Neuroscience 43:611–622
Van den Dungen HM, Buijs RM, Pool CW, Terlou M (1982) The distribution of vasotocin and isotocin in the brain of the rainbow trout. J Comp Neurol 212:146–157
Van Raamsdonk W, Mos W, Smit-Onel MJ, van der Laarse WJ, Fehres R (1983) The development of the spinal motor column in relation to the myotomal muscle fibers in the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Anat Embryol (Berl) 169:125–139
Vanegas H, Ebbesson SOE (1976) Telencephalic projections in two teleost species. J Comp Neurol 165:181–196
Vanegas H, Ito H (1983) Morphological aspects of the teleostean visual system: a review. Brain Res Rev 6:117–137
Vanegas H, Laufer M, Amat J (1974) The optic tectum of a perciform teleost. I. General configuration and cytoarchitecture. J Comp Neurol 154:43–60
Vanegas H, Williams B, Freeman JA (1979) Responses to stimulation of marginal fibers in the teleostean optic tectum. Exp Brain Res 34:335–349
Vanegas H, Ebbesson SOE, Laufer M (1984a) Morphological aspects of the teleostean optic tectum. In: Vanegas H (ed) Comparative neurology of the optic tectum. Plenum, New York, pp 93–120
Vanegas H, Williams B, Essayag E (1984b) Electrophysiological aspects of the teleostean optic tecum. In: Vanegas H (ed) Comparative neurology of the optic tectum. Plenum, New York, pp 121–161
Vecino E, Ekström P (1990) Distribution of metenkephalin, leuenkephalin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, FMRF-amide, and serotonin immunoreactivity in the optic tectum of the atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). J Comp Neurol 299:299–241
Vecino E, Ekström P (1992) Colocalization of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivities in the brain of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Cell Tissue Res 270:435–442
Vecino E, Sharma SC (1992) The development of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the goldfish brain. Anat Embryol (Berl) 186:41–47
Vecino E, Covenas R, Alsonso JR, Lara J, Aijon J (1989) Immunocytochemical study of substance P-like cell bodies and fibers in the brain of the rainbow trout Salmo gaird-neri. J Anat 165:191–200
Vecino E, Ekström P, Sharma SC (1991) Enkephalin-immunoreactive cells in the mesencephalic tegmentum project to the optic tectum of the teleosts Salmo gairdneri and Salma salar. Cell Tissue Res 264:133–137
Vecino E, Piñuela C, Arèvalo R, Lara J, Alonso R, Aijón J (1992) Distribution of enkephalin like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rainbow trout: an immunocytochemical study. J Anat 180:435–453
Vigh B, Vigh-Teichmann I (1971) Structure of the medullospinal liquor-contacting neuronal system. Acta Biol Acad Sci Hung 22:227–243
Vigh B, Vigh-Teichmann I, Aros B, Varjassy P (1972) Lichtund elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen des Saccus vasculosus und des Nervus und Tractus sacci vasculosi. Z Zeilforsch 129:508–522
Vigh-Teichmann I, Vigh B, Aros B (1976) Cerebrospinal fluidcontacting neurons, ciliated perikarya and ‘peptidergic’ synapses in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus of teleostean fishes. Cell Tissue Res 165:397–413
Villani L, Migani P, Poli A, Niso R, Contestabile A (1982) Neurotoxic effect of kainic acid on ultrastructure and GABAergic parameters in the goldfish cerebellum. Neuroscience 7:2515–2524
Villani L, Battistini S, Bissoli R, Contestabile A (1987) Cholinergic projections in the telencephalo-habenular interpeduncular system of the goldfish. Neurosci Lett 76:263–268
Villani L, Bissoli R, Garolini S, Guarnieri T, Battistini S, Saverino O, Contestabile A (1988) Effect of AF64A on the cholinergic system of the retina and optic tectum of goldfish. Exp Brain Res 70:455–462
Villani L, Guarnieri T, Salsi U, Bollini D (1991) Substance P in the habenulo-interpeduncular system of the goldfish. Brain Res Bull 26:225–228
Villani L, Guarnieri T, Zironi I (1994a) Choline acetyltransferase and NADPH-diaphorase localization in the goldfish habenulo-interpeduncular system. Neurosci Lett 173:67–70
Villani L, Dipietrangelo L, Pallotti C, Pettazzoni P, Zironi I, Guarnieri T (1994b) Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of the telencephalo-habenulo-interpeduncular connections in the goldfish. Brain Res Bull 34:1–5
Von Bartheld CS, Meyer DL (1985) Trigeminal and facial innervation of cirri in three teleost species. Cell Tissue Res 241:615–622
Von Bartheld CS, Meyer DL (1986) Tracing of single fibers of the nervus terminalis in the goldfish brain. Cell Tissue Res 245:143–158
Von Bartheld CS, Meyer DL (1987) Comparative neurology of the optic tectum in ray-finned fishes: patterns of lamination formed by retinotectal projections. Brain Res 420:277–288
Von Bartheld CS, Meyer DL (1988) Retinofugal and retinopetal projections in the teleost Channa micropeltes (Channiformes). Cell Tissue Res 251:651–663
Von Bartheld CS, Meyer DL, Fiebig E, Ebbesson SOE (1984) Central connections of the olfactory bulb in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Cell Tissue Res 238:475–487
Von Bartheld CS, Rickman MJ, Meyer DL (1986) A light-and electron microscopic study of mesencephalic neurons projecting to the ganglion of the nervus terminalis in the goldfish. Cell Tissue Res 246:63–70
Von der Emde G, Bleckmann H (1992) Differential responses of two types of electroreceptive afferents to signal distortions may permit capacitance measurement in a weakly electric fish, Gnathonemus petersii. J Comp Physiol [A] 171:683–694
Von Deusen EB, Meyer RL (1990) Pharmacological evidence for NMDA, APB and kainate/quisqualate retinotectal transmission in the isolated whole tectum of goldfish. Brain Res 536:86–96
Von Kupfer K (1906) Die Morphogenie des Zentralnervensystems. In: Hertwig O (ed) Handbuch der vergleichenden und experimentellen Entwicklungslehre der Wirbeltiere, vol 2, part 2 Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp 1–272
Von Rekowski C, Zippel HP (1993) In goldfish the qualitative discriminative ability for odors rapidly returns after bilateral nerve axotomy and lateral olfactory tract transection. Brain Res 618:338–340
Voneida TJ, Fish SE (1984) Central nervous system changes related to the reduction of visual input in a naturally blind fish (Astyanax hubbsi). Am Zool 24:775–782
Voneida TJ, Sligar CM (1976) A comparative neuroanatomic study of retinal projections in two fishes: Astyanax hubbsi (the blind cave fish), and Astyanax mexicanus. J Comp Neurol 165:89–106
Wang D, Maler L (1994) The immunocytochemical localization of glutamate in the electrosensory system of the gymnotiform fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus. Brain Res 653:215–222
Wathey JC (1988) Identification of the teleost Edinger-Westphal nucleus by retrograde horseradish peroxidase labelling and by electrophysiological criteria. J Comp Physiol [A] 162:511–524
Wathey JC, Wullimann MF (1988) A double-label study of efferent projections from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in goldfish and kelp bass. Neurosci Lett 93:121–126
Waxman SG (1971) An ultrastructural study of the pattern of myelination of preterminal fibers in teleost oculomotor nuclei, electromotor nuclei, and spinal cord. Brain Res 27:189–201
Waxman SG, Pappas GD (1971) An electron microscopic study of synaptic morphology in the oculomotor nuclei of three inframammalian species. J Comp Neurol 143:41–72
Webb JF (1989) Developmental constraints and evolution of the lateral line system in teleost fishes. In: Coombs S, Görner P, Münz H (eds) The mechanosensory lateral line. Neurobiology and evolution. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 79–97
Weiss O, Meyer DL (1988) Odor stimuli modulate retinal excitability in fish. Neurosci Lett 93:209–213
Weld MM, Maler L (1992) Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the gymnotiform fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus: presence of sex differences. J Chem Neuroanat 5:107–129
Westerfield M, McMurray JV, Eisen JS (1986) Identified motoneurons and their innervation of axial muscles in the zebrafish. J Neurosci 6:2267–2277
White SA, Fernald RD (1993) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-containing neurons change size with reproductive state in female Haplochromis burtoni. J Neurosci 13:434–441
Williams B, Hernandez N, Vanegas H (1983) Electrophysiological analysis of the teleostean nucleus isthmi and its relationships with the optic tectum. J Comp Physiol 152:545–554
Wilm C, Fritzsch B (1989) Development of tectal neurons in the perciform teleost Haplochromis burtoni. A Golgi study. Dev Brain Res 47:35–52
Wilm C, Fritzsch B (1990) Ipsilateral retinofugal projections in a percomorph bony fish: their experimental induction, specificity and maintenance. Brain Behav Evol 36:271–299
Wilm C, Fritzsch B (1992a) Evidence for a driving role of ingrowing axons for the shifting of older retinal terminals in the tectum of fish. J Neurobiol 23:149–162
Wilm C, Fritzsch B (1992b) Ipsilateral retinal projections into the tectum during regenerations of the optic nerve in the cichlid fish Haplochromis burtoni: a DiI study in fixed tissue. J Neurobiol 23:692–707
Wilm C, Fritzsch B (1993) Ipsilateral retinopetal projection of the nucleus olfactoretinalis (NOR) during development and regeneration: a DiI study in a cichlid fish. J Neurobiol 24:70–79
Wullimann MF (1988) The tertiary gustatory center in sunfishes is not nucleus glomerulosus. Neurosci Lett 86:6–10
Wullimann MF (1994) The teleostean torus longitudinalis: a short review on its structure, histochemistry, connectivity, possible function and phylogeny. Eur J Morphol 32:235–242
Wullimann MF, Meyer DL (1990) Phylogeny of putative cholinergic visual pathways through the pretectum to the hypothalamus in teleost fish. Brain Behav Evol 36:14–29
Wullimann MF, Meyer DL (1993) Possible multiple evolution of indirect telencephalo-cerebellar pathways in teleosts: studies in Carassius auratus and Panto don buchholzi. Cell Tissue Res 274:447–455
Wullimann MF, Northcutt RG (1988) Connections of the corpus cerebelli in the green sunfish and the common goldfish: a comparison of perciform and cypriniform teleosts. Brain Behav Evol 32:293–316
Wullimann MF, Northcutt RG (1989) Afferent connections of the valvula cerebelli in two teleosts, the common goldfish and the green sunfish. J Comp Neurol 289:554–567
Wullimann MF, Northcutt RG (1990) Visual and electrosensory circuits of the diencephalon in mormyrids: an evolutionary perspective. J Comp Neurol 297:537–552
Wullimann MF, Rooney DJ (1990) A direct cerebellotelencephalic projection in an electrosensory mormyrid fish. Brain Res 520:354–357
Wullimann MF, Roth G (1994) Descending telencephalic information reaches longitudinal torus and cerebellum via the dorsal preglomerular nucleus in the teleost fish, Pantodon buchholzi: a case of neural preaptation?. Brain Behav Evol 44:338–352
Wullimann MF, Hofmann MH, Meyer DL (1991a) Histochemical, connectional and cytoarchitectonic evidence for a secondary reduction of the pretectum in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. A case of parallel evolution. Brain Behav Evol 38:290–301
Wullimann MF, Hofmann MH, Meyer DL (1991b) The valvula cerebelli of the spiny eel, Macrognathus aculeatus, receives primary lateral line afferents from the rostrum of the upper jaw. Cell Tissue Res 266:285–293
Wullimann MF, Meyer DL, Northcutt RG (1991c) The visually related posterior pretectal nucleus in the non-percomorph teleost Osteoglossum bicirrhosum projects to the hypothalamus: a DiI study. J Comp Neurol 312:415–435
Wullimann MF, Rupp B, Reichert H (1995) Neuroanatomy of the zebrafish brain: a topological atlas. Birkhäuser, Basel
Yamamoto M (1982) Comparative morphology of peripheral olfactory organ in teleosts. In Hara TJ (ed) Chemoreception in fishes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 39–59
Yamamoto T, Maler L, Hertzberg EL, Nagy JI (1989) Gap junction protein in weakly electric fish (Gymnotidae): immunohistochemical localization with emphasis on structures of the electrosensory system. J Comp Neurol 289:509–536
Yamamoto T, Maler L, Nagy JI (1992) Organization of galanin-like immunoreactive neuronal systems in weakly electric fish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus). J Chem Neuroanat 5:19–38
Yasargil GM, Sandri C (1990) Topography and ultrastructure of commissural interneurons that may establish reciprocal inhibitory connections of the Mauthner axons in the spinal cord of the tench, Tinca tinca L. J Neurocytol 19:111–126
Yoshida M, Nagatsu I, Kawakami-Kondo Y, Karasawa N, Spatz M, Nagatsu T (1983) Monoaminergic neurons in the brain of goldfish as observed by immunohistochemical techniques. Experientia 39:1171–1174
Yoshimoto M, Ito H (1993) Cytoarchitecture, fiber connections, and ultrastructure of the nucleus pretectalis superficialis pars magnocellularis (PSm) in Carp. J Comp Neurol 336:433–446
Yulis CR, Lederis K (1986a) Extraurophyseal distribution of urotensin II immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and their processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:7079–7083
Yulis CR, Lederis K (1986b) The distribution of extraurophyseal urotensin II-immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of Catostomus commersoni after urophysectomy. Neurosci Lett 70:75–80
Yulis CR, Lederis K (1988a) Occurrence of anterior spinal, cerebrospinal fluid-contacting, urotensin II neuronal systems in various fish species. Gen Comp Endrocrinol 70:301–311
Yulis CR, Lederis K (1988b) Relationship between urotensin II-and somatostatin-immunoreactive spinal cord neurons of Catostomus commersoni and Oncorhynchus kisutch (Teleostei). Cell Tissue Res 254:539–542
Yulis CR, Garcia ME, Rodriguez EM (1990) The caudal spinal cord of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): immunocytochemical evidence of a ‘caudal serotoninergic system’. Cell Tissue Res 259:543–550
Zakon HH (1986) The electroreceptive perifery. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds) Electroreception. Wiley, New York, pp 103–156
Zakon HH (1993) Weakly electric fish as model systems for studying long-term steroid action on neural circuits. Brain Behav Evol 42:242–251
Zeiske E, Theisen B, Breucker H (1992) Structure, development and evolutionary aspects of the periopheral olfactory system. In: Hara TJ (ed) Fish chemoreception. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 13–39
Ziegra CJ, Oswald RE, Bass AH (1990) [3H] Kainate localization in goldfish brain: receptor autoradiography and membrane binding. Brain Res 527:308–317
Zimmermann H, Altner H (1970) Zur Charakterisierung neuronaler und gliöser Elemente im Epithel des Saccus vasculosus von Knochenfischen. Z Zellforsch 111:106–126
Zipser B, Bennett MVL (1976a) Responses of cells of posterior lateral line lobe to activation of electroreceptors in a mormyrid fish. J Neurophysiol 39:693–712
Zipser B, Bennett MVL (1976b) Interaction of electrosensory and electromotor signals in lateral line lobe of a mormyrid fish. J Neurophysiol 39:713–721
Zottoli SJ (1977) Correlation of the startle reflex and Mauthner cell auditory responses in unrestrained goldfish. J Exp Biol 66:243–254
Zottoli SJ (1978) Comparison of Mauthner cell size in teleosts. J Comp Neurol 178:741–758
Zottoli SJ, Danielson PD (1989) Lateral line afferent and efferent systems of the goldfish with special reference to the Mauthner cell. In: Coombs S, Görner P, Münz H (eds) The mechanosensory lateral line. Neurobiology and Evolution. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 461–478
Zottoli SJ, Faber DS (1980) An identifiable class of statoacustical interneurons with bilateral projections in the goldfish medulla. Neuroscience 5:1287–1302
Zottoli SJ, van Hörne G (1983) Posterior lateral line afferent and efferent pathways within the central nervous system of the goldfish with special reference to the Mauthner cell. J Comp Neurol 219:100–111
Zottoli SJ, Rhodes KJ, Mufson EJ (1987) Comparison of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase staining patterns in the optic tectum of the goldfish Carassius aura-tus. A histochemical and immunocytochemical analysis. Brain Behav Evol 30:143–159
Zottoli SJ, Rhodes KJ, Corrodi G, Mufson EJ (1988) Putative cholinergic projections from the nucleus isthmi and the nucleus reticularis mesencephali to the optic tectum in the goldfish (Carassius auratus). J Comp Neurol 273:385–398
Zupanc GKH (1991a) The synaptic organization of the prepacemaker nucleus in weakly electric knifefish Eigenmannia: a quantitative ultrastructural study. J Neurocytol 20:818–833
Zupanc GKH (1991b) Clustering of cell bodies, bundling of dendrites and gap junctions: morphological substrate for electrical coupling in the prepacemaker nucleus. Neurosci Lett 129:29–34
Zupanc GKH, Heiligenberg W (1989) Sexual maturitydependent changes in neuronal morphology in the prepacemaker of adult electric knifefish, Eigenmannia. J Neurosci 9:3816–3827
Zupanc GKH, Heiligenberg W (1992) The structure of the diencephalic prepacemaker nucleus revisited: light microscopic and ultrastructural studies. J Comp Neurol 323:558–569
Zupanc GKH, Maler L, Heiligenberg W (1991) Somatostatinlike immunoreactivity in the region of the prepacemaker nucleus in weakly electric knifefish: Eigenmannia. A quantitative analysis. Brain Res 559:249–260
Zupanc GKH, Airey JA, Maler L, Sutko JL, Ellisman MH (1992) Immunohistochemical localization of ryanodine binding proteins in the central nervous system of gymnotiform fish. J Comp Neurol 325:135–151
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Meek, J., Nieuwenhuys, R. (1998). Holosteans and Teleosts. In: The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18262-4_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18262-4_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62127-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18262-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive