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Sisal Fiber Based Polymer Composites and Their Applications

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Cellulose Fibers: Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites

Abstract

The natural resources of the World are depleting very fast due to the high rate of exploitation and low rate of restoration, leading to an increase in global warming and pollution hazards. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the substitution of synthetic fibers in reinforced plastic composites by natural plant fibers such as jute, coir, flax, hemp, and sisal. Sisal is one of the natural fibers widely available in most parts of the world; it requires minimum financial input and maintenance for cultivation and is often grown in wastelands, which helps in soil conservation. Advantages of sisal fiber are: low density and high specific strength, biodegradable and renewable resource, and it provides thermal and acoustic insulation. Sisal fiber is better than other natural fibers such as jute in many ways, including its higher strength, bright shiny color, large staple length, poor crimp property, variation in properties and quality due to the growing conditions, limited maximum processing temperatures. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in finding innovative applications for sisal fiber-reinforced composites other than their traditional use in making ropes, mats, carpets, handicrafts, and other fancy articles. Composites made of sisal fibers are green materials and do not consume much energy for their production.

The characteristics of composites depend on different parameters such as extraction of fiber, surface modification and the synthesis of composites. During synthesis, fiber length, orientation, concentration, dispersion, aspect ratios, selection of matrix, and chemistry of matrix have to be considered to achieve the required strength. Inorganic fibers have several disadvantages, including their nonbiodegradability, the abrasion in processing equipments, high cost and density, and the health problems caused to workers during processing and handling. Commonly used composites, these days are, glass, aramid, carbon, and asbestos fibers filled in thermoplastic, thermoset, or cement composites. Yet natural fiber composites with equivalent characteristics to synthetic fibre composites are not available. Most of the plant fibers are hydrophilic in nature and water absorption may be very high. This may be controlled by different methods of interfacial surface modification. Because of the low density and high specific strength and modulus. Sisal fiber is a potential resource material for various engineering applications in the electrical industry, automobiles, railways, building materials, geotextiles, defense and in the packaging industry. Present chapter discuss about the research work on sisal cultivation, fiber extraction, processing, sisal fiber characteristics, and the use of sisal fiber in thermoplastic and thermoset polymer composites for various engineering applications.

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Abbreviations

AMPRI:

Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute

Aq:

Aqueous

BMC:

Bulk Molding Compound

BPO:

Benzoyl Peroxide

CBRI:

Central Building Research Institute

CRIJAF:

Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers

CSIR:

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

DSC:

Differential Scanning Calorimetry

DTA:

Differential Thermal Analyser

DCP:

Dicumyl Peroxide

FSP:

Fiber Saturation Point

GCL:

Geosynthetic Clay Liners

HDPE:

High Density Polyethylene

HC5 :

Hostaprime

L:

Longitudinal

LS:

Longitudinal Section

LDPE:

Low Density Polyethylene

IPIRTI:

Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute

MA-g-PP:

Maleic Anhydride-Grafting Polypropylene

MAPP:

Maleic Anhydride Polypropylene

MMA:

Methylmethacrylate

NIRJAFT:

National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fiber Technology

PE:

Polyethylene

PEEK:

Polyether Ether Ketone

PP:

Polypropylene

PS:

Polystyrene

PVC:

Polyvinyl Chloride

R:

Randomly

R&D:

Research and Development

RTM:

Resin Transfer Molding

SEM:

Scanning Electron Microscope

TGA:

Thermal Gravimetric Analysis

TIFAC:

Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council

TPA:

Tons Per Annum

UFR:

Urea–Formaldehyde Resin

UNIDO:

United Nation Industrial Development Organization

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Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to Dr. Anil K. Gupta, Director, Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India, for the guidance support and permission to publish this article. Authors are also thankful to members of SAPNA (Sisal Action Program for Novel Applications) group of AMPRI, Bhopal, India for necessary support. The contribution of Mr. Pavan K. Srivastava in the preparation of manuscript is thankfully acknowledged. Thanks to Mr. Dharam Raj and other staff of the Building Materials Development Group AMPRI, Bhopal for their valued contribution. The authors are grateful to BMTPC, MoEF and CSIR, New Delhi, India for financial support.

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  1. Building Materials Development Group, Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), CSIR, HabibGanj Naka, 462064, Bhopal, India

    Mohini Saxena

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  1. Mohini Saxena
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  2. Asokan Pappu
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  3. Ruhi Haque
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  4. Anusha Sharma
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Correspondence to Mohini Saxena .

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Bahra University, Waknaghat (Shimla Hills), 173 234, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Susheel Kalia

  2. Technology Jalandhar (NITJ), Department of Chemistry, Dr B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of, Jalandhar, 144 011, Punjab, India

    B. S. Kaith

  3. Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, 171 005, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Inderjeet Kaur

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Saxena, M., Pappu, A., Haque, R., Sharma, A. (2011). Sisal Fiber Based Polymer Composites and Their Applications. In: Kalia, S., Kaith, B., Kaur, I. (eds) Cellulose Fibers: Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17370-7_22

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