Abstract
Localised epidermal gland complexes of unknown function have previously been recognised as “white spots” in Pectinatella magnifica and Lophopodella carteri, but not in other phylactolaemate species. In this study a similar glandular organ is described for Lophopus crystallinus. It is a complex epidermal gland that consists of two types of gland cells, one of which contains light-refracting, possibly lipidic, vesicles. This gland is situated at the anal side of the duplicature, distal to a pore, which most likely resembles the vestibular or statoblast pore. Such a pore had always been postulated, but histological evidence was lacking so far. The most likely functions of the glandular organs could either be connected to statoblast expulsion or to chemical defence.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allman GJ (1856) A monograph of the fresh-water Polyzoa. Ray Soc Lond 18:1–119
Bushnell JH (1966) Environmental relations of Michigan Ectoprocta, and dynamics of natural populations of Plumatella repens. Ecol Monogr 36:95–123
Calvet L (1900) Contribution à l’histoire naturelle des bryozoaires ectoproctes marins. Trav Inst Zool Univ Montpellier 8:1–488
Carter MC, Gordon DP, Gardner JPA (2010) Polymorphism and vestigiality: comparative anatomy and morphology of bryozoan avicularia. Zoomorphology 129:195–211
Collins EJ, Tenney WR, Woolcott WS (1966) Histological effects of the poison of Lophopodella carteri (Hyatt) on the gills of Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) and larval Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst). Va J Sci 17:155–163
Dumortier BC, van Beneden PJ (1850) Histoire naturelle des polypiers composés d’eau douce des bryozoaires fluviatiles. Hayez, Bruxelles
Gasser F (1962) L’épiderme du cystide de Plumatella repens (Linné) (bryozaire ectoprocte phylactolème) precisions histologiques, cytologiques et histochimiques. Arch Zool Exp Gén 101:1–13
Gruhl A, Wegener I, Bartolomaeus T (2009) Ultrastructure of the body cavities in Phylactolaemata (Bryozoa). J Morphol 270:306–318
Hirose M, Dick MH, Mawatari SF (2008) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of phylactolaemate bryozoans based on mitochondrial gene sequences. In: Hageman GS, Key MM Jr, Winston JE (eds) Bryozoan studies 2007. Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, pp 65–74
Hyatt A (1866) Observations on polyzoan order Phylactolaemata. Communications of the Essex Institute 4:197–228
James MA (1997) Brachiopoda: internal anatomy, embryology, and development. In: Harrison FW, Woollacott RM (eds) Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates, vol 13, Lophophorates, entoprocta and cycliophora. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 298–407
Lauer TE, Barnes DK, Ricciardi A, Spacie A (1999) Evidence of recruitment inhibition of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) by a freshwater bryozoan (Lophopodella carteri). J N Am Benthol Soc 18:406–413
Leidy J (1851) On Cristatella magnifica. Proceed. Acad. Nat. sc. Philadelphia 5:265–266
Lutaud G (1964) Sur la structure et le rôle des glandes vestibulaires et sur la nature de certains organes de la cavité cystidienne chez les bryozoaires chilostomes. Cah Biol Mar 5:201–231
Lutaud G (1965) Sur la présence de microorganismes spécifiques dans les glandes vestibulaires et dans l’aviculaire de Palmicellaria skenei (Ellis et Solander), bryozoaire chilostome. Cah Biol Mar 6:181–190
Mano R (1964) The coelomic corpuscles and their origin in the freshwater bryozoan, Lophopodella carteri. Sci Rep Tokyo Kyoiku Dai (sec B) 11:211–235
Marcus E (1934) Über Lophopus crystallinus (Pall.). Zool Jb Anat Ontog Tiere 58:501–606
Marcus E (1939) Briozoários marinhos brasileiros III. Bol Fac Fil, Cienc Letr Univ Sao Paulo, Zool 3:111–353
Marcus E (1941) Sôbre Bryozoa do Brasil. Bol Fac Fil, Cienc Letr Univ Sao Paulo, Zool 5:3–208
Marcus E (1942) Sôbre Bryozoa do Brasil II. Bol Fac Fil, Cienc Letr Univ Sao Paulo, Zool 6:57–105
Meacham RH, Woolacott WS (1968) Studies of the coelomic fluid and isotonic homogenates of the freshwater bryozoan Lophopodella carteri (Hyatt) on fish tissues. Va J Sci N S 19:143–146
Mukai H, Oda S (1980) Histological and histochemical studies on the epidermal system of higher phylactolaemate bryozoans. Annot Zool Japan 53:1–17
Mukai H, Terakado K, Reed CG (1997) Bryozoa. In: Harrison FW, Woollacott RM (eds) Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates, vol 13, Lophophorates, Entoprocta and Cycliophora. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 45–206
Nitsche H (1868) Beiträge zur Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte der phylactolaemen Süsswasserbryozoen insbesondere von Alcyonella fungosa. Dissertation, Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin
Oda S (1958) On the outflow of the blood in colonies of freshwater Bryozoa. Kagaku (Tokyo) 28:37
Okuyama M, Wada H, Ishii T (2006) Phylogenetic relationships of freshwater bryozoans (Ectoprocta, Phylactolaemata) inferred from mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Zool Scr 35:243–249
Pallas PS (1768) Descripto Tubulariae fugosa propae Volodemirum mense Julio 1768 observatae. Novi Commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae 12:565–572
Peterson NL (2002) Neurotoxin found in the freshwater bryozoan Lophopodella carteri. In: Wyse Jackson PN, Spencer Jones ME (eds) Bryozoan Studies 2001. Sets and Zeilinger, Lisse, pp 257–260
Rogick MD (1957) Studies on freshwater Bryozoa, XVIII Lophopodella carteri in Kentucky. Trans Ky Acad Sci 18:85–87
Schwaha T, Handschuh S, Redl E, Walzl M (2011) Organogenesis in the budding process of the freshwater bryozoan Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, 1798 (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata). J Morphol 272:320–341
Sharp JH, Winson MK, Porter JS (2007) Bryozoan metabolites: an ecological perspective. Nat Prod Rep 24:659–673
Tenney WR, Woolacott WS (1964) A comparison of the responses of some species of fishes to the toxic effect of the bryozoan, Lophopodella carteri (Hyatt). Va J Sci 15:16–20
Waters AW (1892) Observations on the gland-like bodies in the Bryozoa. Zool J Linn Soc 24:272–278
Wiebach F (1952) Über den Ausstoss von Flottoblasten bei Plumatella fruticosa (Allman). Zool Anz 149:181–185
Wiebach F (1953) Über den Ausstoss von Flottoblasten bei Plumatellen. Zool Anz 151:266–272
Winston JE, Bernheimer AW (1986) Haemolytic activity in an Antarctic bryozoan. J Nat Hist 20:369–374
Wood TS, Lore M (2005) The higher phylogeny of phylactolaemate bryozoans inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. In: Moyano HI, Cancino JM, Wyse Jackson PN (eds) Bryozoan studies 2004. Balkema, London, pp 361–367
Wood TS, Okamura B (2005) A new key to the freshwater bryozoans of Britain, Ireland and Continental Europe. Freshwater Biological Association, Cumbria, UK
Acknowledgments
I wish to thank Hanna Hartikainen (EAWAG, Zürich, Switzerland), Beth Okamura (Natural History Museum, London, UK) and Tim Wood (Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA) for fruitful discussions on the topic. I am also most grateful to Tim for his hospitality during a stay in Dayton. Many thanks to Lauren Howard, Gabrielle Kennaway and Alex Ball (Natural History Museum, London, UK) for microscopy support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gruhl, A. (2013). Occurrence and Identity of “White Spots” in Phylactolaemata. In: Ernst, A., Schäfer, P., Scholz, J. (eds) Bryozoan Studies 2010. Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences, vol 143. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16411-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16411-8_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-16410-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-16411-8
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)