Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Molecular Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Essence in Association: A Review of Differentially Expressed Fungal Genes During Symbiosis Formation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Diversity and Biotechnology of Ectomycorrhizae

Part of the book series: Soil Biology ((SOILBIOL,volume 25))

Abstract

The ectomycorrhiza formation involves intense gene expression control in both partners that leads to several morphological and physiological changes. The purpose of this chapter was to review the main genes from ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) expressed in association with roots or under mycorrhizal stimulus. Researchers looked at different EMF and host interactions, and screened different experimental conditions and techniques. It was possible to group a large number of ectomycorrhizal genes/proteins into different physiological categories according to probable functions within symbiotic associations. In total 389 ESTs/proteins were listed from different fungal genus and species. Ectomycorrhizal genes were grouped in eight physiological categories as follows (1) cell growth and organization, (2) morphogenesis, (3) energy metabolism, (4) protein synthesis and protein interaction, transcriptional and translation regulation, (5) ion transport, amino acid and peptide transport, (6) cell signaling and structural membrane proteins, (7) RNA/DNA processing and (8) cell defense and apoptosis. We observed that related genes change their expression level during formation and maintenance of symbiotic relationships; however, all of them are basally expressed in most symbiotic conditions. There seems to be a tendency for gene expression suppression (down-regulation) during short association periods or even during the preinfection interaction. This tendency can be observed in protein synthesis genes, carbon metabolism genes and membrane proteins like SRAPs and hydrophobins, which are proteins believed to be important agents for ectomycorrhiza formation. However, genes of unknown function can highlight a knowledge gap concerning fungal origin sequences in symbiosis, and alert the urgent need to encourage future studies in molecular ectomycorrhizal associations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acioli-Santos B, Sebastiana M, Pessoa F, Sousa L, Figueiredo A, Fortes AM, Balde A, Maia LC, Pais MS (2008) Fungal transcript pattern during the preinfection stage (12 h) of ectomycorrhiza formed between Pisolithus tinctorius and Castanea sativa roots, identified using cDNA microarrays. Curr Microbiol 57:620–625

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilera J, Prieto JA (2001) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldose reductase is implied in the metabolism of methylglyoxal in response to stress conditions. Curr Genet 39:273–283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babbitt PC, Hasson MS, Wedekind JE, Palmer DJ, Barrett WC, Reed GH, Rayment I, Ringe D, Kenyon GL, Gerlt JA (1996) The enolase superfamily: a general strategy for enzyme-catalyzed abstraction of the r-protons of carboxylic acids. Biochemistry 35:16489–16501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellamine A, Mangla AT, Nes WD, Waterman MR (1999) Characterization and catalytic properties of the sterol 14 α-demethylase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemistry 96:8937–8942

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bender A, Pringle JR (1991) Use of a screen for synthetic lethal and multicopy suppressed mutants to identify two new genes involved in morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 11:1295–1305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2004) Bioquímica 5ª Ed. Guanabara Koogan S.A., Rio de Janeiro, p p1059

    Google Scholar 

  • Bydlowiski P, Magnannelli AC, Chamone DAF (1998) Hyper-homocistenemia e doenças vaso-oclusivas. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 71:69–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell JL, Scheckman R (1997) Selective packaging of cargo molecules into endoplasmic reticulum-derived COPII vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94:837–842

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan HM, La Thangue NB (2001) P300/CBP proteins: HATs for transcriptional bridges and scaffolds. J Cell Sci 114:2363–2373

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapple C (1998) Molecular-genetics analysis of plant cytochrome P450-dependent monoxigenases. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:311–343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury S, Smith KW, Gustin MC (1992) Osmotic stress and the yeast cytoskeleton: phenotype-specific suppression of an actin mutation. J Cell Biol 118:561–571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condeelis J (1995) Elongation factor 1α, translation and the cytoskeleton. Trends Biochem Sci 20:169–170

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duplessis S, Courty P, Tagu D, Martim F (2005) Transcript patterns associated with ectomycorrhiza development in Eucalyptus globulus and Pisolithus microcarpus. New Phytol 165:599–611

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eades CJ, Gilbert A, Goodman CD, Hintz WE (1998) Identification and analysis of a class 2 alpha-mannosidase from Aspergillus nidulans. Glycobiology 8:17–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emanuelsson O, Elofsson A, Von Heijne G, Cristobal S (2003) In silico prediction of the peroxisomal proteome in fungi, plants and animals. J Mol Biol 330:443–456

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta RS (1995) Phylogenetic analysis of 90kD heat shock family of protein sequences and an examination of the relationship among animals, plants and fungi species. Mol Biol Evol 12:1063–1073

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haerslev T, Jacobson GK, Zedeler K (1995) The prognostic significance of immunohistochemically detectable metallothionein in primary breast carcinomas. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 103:279–285

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasunuma K, Yabe N, Yoshida Y, Ogura Y, Hamada T (2003) Putative functions of nucleoside diphosphate kinase in plants and fungi. J Bioenerg Biomembr 35:57–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes JD, Pulford DJ (1995) The glutathione s-transferase supergene family: regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 30:445–600

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He W, Parker R (2000) Functions of Lsm proteins in mRNA degradation and splicing. Curr Opin Cell Biol 12:346–350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirata D, Nakano K, Fukui M, Takenaka H, Miyakawa T, Mabuchi I (1998) Genes that cause aberrant cell morphology by overexpression in fission yeast: a role of a small GTP-binding protein Rho2 in cell morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 111:149–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogan DA, Auchtung TA, Hausinger RP (1999) Cloning and characterization of a sulfonate/a-ketoglutarate dioxygenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 181:5876–5879

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imai K, Kijima T, Noda Y, Sutoh K, Yoda K, Adachi H (2002) A Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor is involved in cytokinesis of Dictyostelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 296:305–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakel S, Albig W, Kutay U, Bischoff FR, Schwamborn K, Doenecke D, Gorlich D (1999) The importin ß/importin 7 heterodimer is a functional nuclear import receptor for histone H1. Eur Mol Biol Organ J 18:2411–2423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson T, Le Quéré A, Ahren D, Söderström B, Erlandsson R, Lundeberg J, Uhlén M, Tunlid A (2004) Transcriptional responses of Paxillus involutus and Betula pendula during formation of ectomycorrhizal root tissue. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 17:202–205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawalleck P, Plesh G, Hahlbrock K, Somssich IE (1992) Induction by fungal elicitor of S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthetase and S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase mRNAs in cultured cell and leaves of Petroselinum crispum. Proc Natl Acad Sci 89:4713–4717

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kershaw MJ, Talbot NJ (1998) Hydrophobins and repellents: proteins with fundamental roles in fungal morphogenesis. Fungal Genet Biol 23:18–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S, Bernreuther D, Thumm M, Podila G (1999a) LB.AUT7, a novel symbisis-regulated gene from an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Laccaria bicolor, is functionally related to vesicular transport and autophagocytosis. J Bacteriol 181:1963–1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S, Shivanand T, Podila G (1999b) Cloning and identification of symbiosis-regulated genes from the ectomycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor. Mycol Res 103:168–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koga M, Tanaka H, Yomogida K, Tsuchida J, Uchida K, Kitamura M, Sakoda S, Matsumiya K, Okuyama A, Nishimune Y (1998) Expression of selenoprotein-p messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat testis. Biol Reprod 58:261–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kong FK (1995) Influence of copper, manganese and pH on the growth and several enzyme activities in mycorrhizal fungus Amanita muscaria. Hemosphere 30:199–207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuge O, Hara-Kuge S, Orci L, Ravazzola M, Amherdt M, Tanigawa G, Wieland FT, Rothman JE (1993) ζ-COP, a subunit of coatomer, is required for COP-coated vesicle assembly. J Cell Biol 123:1727–1734

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambeth JD, Seybert DW, Kamin H (1979) Ionic effects on adrenal steroidogenic electron transport. The role of adrenodoxin as an electron shuttle. J Biol Chem 254:7255–7264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lammers PJ (2004) Symbiotic signalling: new functions for familiar proteins. New Phytol 161:324–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Quéré A, Wright DP, Söderström B, Tunlid A, Johansson T (2005) Global patterns of gene regulation associated with the development of ectomycorrhiza between Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Paxillus involutus. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18:659–673

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lei J, Lapayerie F, Malajczuk N, Dexheimer J (1990) Infectivity of pine and eucalypt isolates of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch on toots of Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake in vitro. II. Ultrastructural and biochemical changes at the early stage of mycorrhizal formation. New Phytol 116:115–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macheroux P, Schmid J, Amrhein N, Schaller A (1999) A unique reaction in a common pathway: mechanism and function of chorismate synthase in the shikimate pathway. Planta 207:325–334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madeo F, Herker E, Maldener C, Wissing S, LäChelt S, Herlan M, Fehr M, Lauber K, Sigrist SJ, Wesselborg S, Fröhlich KU (2002) A caspase-related protease regulates apoptosis in yeast. Mol Cell 9:911–917

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manzow S, Brancolini C, Marks F, Richter KH (1996) Expression of growth arrest-specific (Gas) genes in murine keratinocytes: Gas2 is specifically regulated. Exp Cell Res 224:200–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin F, Aerts A, Ahrén D, Brun A, Danchin EGJ, Duchaussoy F, Gibon J, Kohler A, Lindquist E, Pereda V, Salamov A, Shapiro HJ, Wuyts J, Blaudez D, Buée M, Brokstein P, Canbäck B, Cohen D, Courty PE, Coutinho PM, Delaruelle C, Detter JC, Deveau A, Difazio S, Duplessis S, Tachet LF, Lucic E, Klett PF, Fourrey C, Feussner I, Gay G, Grimwood J, Hoegger PJ, Jain P, Kilaru S, Labbé J, Lin YC, Legué V, Le Tacon F, Marmeisse R, Melayah D, Montanini B, Muratet M, Nehls U, Hirzel HN, Le Secq MPO, Peter M, Quesneville H, Rajashekar B, Reich M, Rouhier N, Schmutz J, Yin T, Chalot M, Henrissat B, Kües U, Lucas S, Peer YV, Podila GK, Polle A, Pukkila PJ, Richardson PM, Rouzé P, Sanders IR, Stajich JE, Tunlid A, Tuskan G, Grigoriev IV (2008) The genome of Laccaria bicolor provides insights into mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature 452:88–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masson D, Kreis TE (1993) Identification and molecular characterization of E-MAP -115, a novel microtubule-associated protein predominantly expressed in epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 123:357–371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menotta M, Amicucci A, Sisti D, Gioacchini AM, Stocchi V (2004) Differential gene expression during pre-symbiotic interaction between Tuber borchii Vittad. and Tilia Americana L. Curr Genet 46:158–165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon BY, Ho ZC, Sue GR, Chock PB, Earl RS (1994) On the protective mechanism of the thiol-specific antioxidant enzyme against the oxidative damage of biomacromolecules. J Biol Chem 269:1621–1626

    Google Scholar 

  • Morel M, Jacob C, Kohler A, Johansson T, Martin F, Charlot M, Brun A (2005) Indentification of genes differentially expressed in extraradical mycelium and ectomycorrizal roots during Paxillus involutus–Petula pendula ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:382–391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nehls U, Mikolajewski S, Ecke M, Hampp R (1999) Identification and expression analysis of two fungal cDNA regulated by ectomycorrhiza and fruit body formation. New Phytol 144:195–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ntambi JM, Buhrow SA, Kaestner KH, Christy RJ, Sibley E, Kelly TJ Jr, Lane MD (1988) Differentiation-induced gene expression in 3T3-Ll preadipocytes. Characterization of a differentially expressed gene encoding steaoryl-coa desaturase. J Biol Chem 263:17291–17300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmieri F (1994) Mitochondrial carrier proteins. FEBS Lett 346:48–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Podila GK, Zheng J, Balasubramanian S, Sundaram S, Hiremath S, Brand JH, Hymes MJ (2002) Fungal gene expression in early symbiotic interactions between Laccaria bicolor and red pine. Plant Soil 244:117–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poinssot B, Vandelle E, Bentéjac M, Adrian M, Levis C, Brygoo Y, Garin J, Sicilia F, Thévenot PC, Pugin A (2003) The Endopolygalacturonase 1 from Botrytis cinerea activates grapevine defense reactions unrelated to its enzymatic activity. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 16:553–564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polidori E, Agostini D, Zeppa S, Potenza L, Palma F, Sisti D, Stocchi V (2002) Identification of differentially expressed cDNA clones in Tilia platiphyllos-Tuber borchii ectomycorrhizae using a differential screening approach. Mol Genet Genomics 266:858–864

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter TN, Li Y, Raushel FM (2004) Mechanism of the dihydroorotase reaction. Biochemistry 43:16285–16292

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Punt PJ, Van Gemeren IA, Drint-Kuijvenhoven J, Hessing JGM, Van Muijlwijk-Harteveld GM, Beijersbergen A, Verrips CT, Van Den Hondel CAMJJ (1998) Analysis of the role of the gene bipA, encoding the major endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein the secretion of homologous and heterologous proteins in black Aspergilli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50:447–454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rehling P, Model K, Brandner K, Kovermann P, Sickmann A, Meyer HE, Kühlbrandt W, Wagner R, Truscott KN, Pfanner N (2003) Protein insertion into the mitochondrial inner membrane by a twin-pore translocase. Science 299:1747–1751

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santos B, Snyder M (2005) Targeting of chitin synthase 3 to polarized growth sites in yeast requires Chs5p and Myo2p. J Cell Biol 136:95–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid J, Amrhein N (1995) Molecular organization of the shikimate pathway in higher plants. Phytochemistry 39:737–749

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seroussi F, Pan HQ, Kedra D, Roe BA, Dumanski JP (1998) Caracterization of human NIPSNAP1 gene from 22q12: a member of novel gene family. Gene 212:13–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen H, Chen J, Wang Z, Yang C, Sasaki T, Yamamoto Y, Matsumoto H, Yan X (2006) Root plasma membrane H1-ATPase is involved in the adaptation of soybean to phosphorus starvation. J Exp Bot 57:1353–1362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silver S, Misra TK, Laddaga RA (1989) DNA sequence analysis of bacterial toxic heavy metal resistances. Biol Trace Elem Res 21:145–163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slater S, Houmiel KL, Tran M, Mitski TA, Taylor NB, Padgette SR, Gruys KJ (1998) Multiple b-ketothiolases mediate poly(b-hydroxyalkanoate) copolymer synthesis in Ralstonia eutropha. J Bacteriol 180:1979–1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CV, Huang C, Miczak A, Russell DG, Sacchettini JC, Bentrup KH (2003) Biochemical and structural studies of malate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 278:1735–1743

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundaram S, Kim SJ, Suzuki H, Mcquattie CJ, Hiremath ST, Podila G (2001) Isolation and characterization of a symbiosis-regulated ras from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14:618–628

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szczepaneck T, Lazowska J (1996) Replacement of two non-adjacent amino acid in the S. serevisiae bi2 intron-incoded RNA maturase is sufficient to gain a homing- endonuclease activity. Eur Mol Biol Organ J 15:3758–3767

    Google Scholar 

  • Tagu D, Nasse B, Martin F (1996) Cloning and caracterization of hydrophobins-enconding cDNAs from the ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycete Pisolithus tinctorius. Gene 168:93–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tagu D, De Bellis R, Balestrini R, De Vries OMH, Piccolli G, Stocchi V, Bonfante P, Martin F (2001) Immuno localization of hydrophobin HYDPt-1 from de ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Pisolithus tinctorius during colonization of Eucalyptus globulus roots. New Phytol 149:127–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tasto JJ, Morrell JL, Gould KL (2003) An anillin homologue, Mid2p, acts during fission yeast cytokinesis to organize the septin ring and promote cell separation. J Cell Biol 160:1093–1103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatsumi A, Shoji J, Kikuma T, Arioka M, Kitamoto K (2007) Aggregation of endosomal-vacuolar compartments in the Aovps24-deleted strain in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 362:474–479

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timonen S, Peterson L (2002) Cytoskeletons in mycorrhizal symbioss. Plant Soil 244:199–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timonen S, Söderström B, Raudaskoski M (1996) Dynamics of cytosckeletal proteins in developing pine ectomycorriza. Mycorrhiza 6:423–429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Velten J, Oliver MJ (2001) Tr288, a rehydrin with a dehydrin twist. Plant Mol Biol 45:713–722

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voiblet C, Duplessis S, Encelot L, Martin F (2001) Identifications of symbiosis-reguleted genes in Eucalyptus globulus-Pisolitus tinctorius ectomycorrhiza by differential hybridization of arrayed cDNAs. Plant J 25:181–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson CRM, Wallace M, Morphew M, Perry P, Allshire R, Javerzat JP, Mcintosh JR, Gordon C (1998) Localization of the 26S proteasome during mitosis and meiosis in fission yeast. EMBO J 17:6465–6476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wösten HAB, Vocht ML (2000) Hydrophobins, the fungal coat unravelled. Biochim Biophys Acta 1469:79–86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamagata S (1989) Roles of O-acetyl-l-homoserine sulfhydrylases in micro-organisms. Biochimie 71:1125–1143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu YB (2002) Coiled-coils: stability, specificity, and drug delivery potential. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:1113–1129

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zahner HA, Harkins JE, Pringle JR (1996) Genetic analysis of the bipolar pattern of bud site selection in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 16:1857–1870

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaretsky M, Sitrit Y, Mills D, Roth-Bejerano N, Kagan-Zur V (2006) Differential expression of fungal genes at preinfection and mycorrhiza establishment between Terfezia boudieri isolates and Cistus incanus hairy root clones. New Phytol 171:837–846

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brasil

    Bartolomeu Acioli-Santos, Helder Elísio E. Vieira, Cláudia E. P. Lima & Leonor C. Maia

  2. Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental-LaViTE, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brasil

    Bartolomeu Acioli-Santos

Authors
  1. Bartolomeu Acioli-Santos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Helder Elísio E. Vieira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Cláudia E. P. Lima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Leonor C. Maia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bartolomeu Acioli-Santos .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Dept. Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, 444602, Maharashtra, India

    Mahendra Rai

  2. Amity Institute of Microbial Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ajit Varma

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Acioli-Santos, B., Vieira, H.E.E., Lima, C.E.P., Maia, L.C. (2011). The Molecular Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Essence in Association: A Review of Differentially Expressed Fungal Genes During Symbiosis Formation. In: Rai, M., Varma, A. (eds) Diversity and Biotechnology of Ectomycorrhizae. Soil Biology, vol 25. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15196-5_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation