Abstract
In spite of more than 200 years of botanical exploration of the Orient, resulting in many herbaria and germplasm collections, sequence data, and transferred alleles, our knowledge on the genus Aegilops is far from complete. Several aspects concerning the genus Aegilops L. will be reviewed in this chapter. We consider 23 annual species and follow in their classification the monographs of Hammer (Kulturpflanze 28:33–180, 1980a; Feddes Rep 91:225–258, 1980b) and van Slageren (Wild wheats: a monograph of Aegilops L. and Amblyopyrum (Jaub. & Spach) Eig (Poaceae). Agricultural University Papers, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1994). We show that Aegilops species have been closely involved in wheat evolution, played a major role in wheat domestication, and will play a critical role in future wheat improvement. We show that the keys to obtain deeper insights to Aegilops genetic diversity, Aegilops–Triticum molecular biological relationships, and to harvest and preserve suitable alleles for future wheat improvement are (1) a comprehensive germplasm collection covering the whole distribution area of each species; (2) the comparison of several accessions for each species considering all ploidy levels; (3) the use of new molecular fingerprinting techniques and the access to high-throughput sequencing technologies; (4) the improvement of analytical methods capable of treating various issues based on mathematical and statistical models, and (5) archeological excavation campaigns should also consider studies on Aegilops species. We urgently need detailed studies for each Aegilops species dealing with natural distribution range, ecology, soil, geomorphology, molecular resources, and genome sequences. There is an urgent need for an active in situ conservation to protect Aegilops species in their natural habitats.
“For the sake of future generations, we MUST collect and study wild and weedy relatives of our cultivated plants as well as the domesticated races. These sources of germplasm have been dangerously neglected in the past, but the future may not be so tolerant. In the plant breeding programs of tomorrow we cannot afford to ignore any source of useable genes.” Harlan (1970)
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Notes
- 1.
AE numbers refer to IPK Genebank Aegilops accession numbers. GIS distribution maps are based on van Slageren (1994) and our own observations. More information about the accessions can be obtained from http://gbis.ipk-gatersleben.de/gbis_i/.
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the “Ökotop GbR” company (Halle, Germany) and Alexander Walther for preparing the GIS based distribution maps. We thank Bärbel Schmidt, Ulrike Lohwasser, Matthias Kotter, and Klaus Pistrick (all at IPK Gatersleben) for providing Aegilops photographs.
The authors are indebted to Moshe Feldman, Sigi Effgen, Andrea Brandolini, Naoki Mori, Shoji Ohta, George Willcox, Bill Martin, Reinder Neef, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Katia Badaeva, Klaus Schmidt, Peter Schreiber, Jürgen Marlow, Michael Grau, Helmut Knüpffer, Andreas Börner, and all the participants at the workshop “Cereal Diversity, Plant Domestication and Human History in the Fertile Crescent” in Turkey, 2009, for their valuable suggestions.
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Kilian, B. et al. (2011). Aegilops. In: Kole, C. (eds) Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14228-4_1
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