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Post-processing Altimeter Data Towards Coastal Applications and Integration into Coastal Models

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Coastal Altimetry

Abstract

Altimetry missions in the last 16 years (TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-1/2, GFO, Jason-1 and ENVISAT) and the recently-launched Jason-2 mission have resulted in great advances in deep ocean research and operational oceanography. However, oceanographic applications using satellite altimeter data have become very challenging over regions extending from near-shore to the continental shelf and slope (Cipollini et al. 2008). In these regions, intrinsic difficulties in the corrections (e.g., the high frequency ocean response to tidal and atmospheric loading, the mean sea level, etc.) and issues of land contamination in the radar altimeter and radiometer footprints result in systematic flagging and rejection of these data. Forthcoming altimeter missions (SARAL/AltiKa, SWOT, Sentinel-3, etc.) are designed to be better-suited for use in the coastal ocean. However, a number of studies have dealt with the problem of re-analysing, improving and exploiting the existing archive to monitor coastal dynamics. The early encouraging results (Vignudelli et al. 2005; Bouffard et al. 2008, Birol et al. submitted J Mar Syst 2009) support the need for continued research in coastal altimetry, with the opportunity of providing input and recommendations for future missions.

This chapter reviews the current status of the X-TRACK processing application (Roblou et al. 2007), whose objectives are to improve both the quantity and quality of altimeter sea surface height (SSH) estimates in coastal regions by reprocessing a posteriori (the standard Geophysical Data Records) (GDR) as delivered by operational centres, i.e. by improving the post-processing stage. Latest improvements on along-track spatial resolution (high rate data streams and removal of large-scale errors) that promise improved monitoring of coastal dynamics are also detailed. In addition, with a view to integrating coastal-oriented altimeter datasets into models for coastal ocean state analysis, methodologies for matching models with observations are discussed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Tidal atlases are freely available on request on the SIROCCO web site: http://sirocco.omp.obs-mip.fr/outils/Tugo/Produits/TugoProduits.htm

  2. 2.

    Coastal-oriented data sets are computed over several coastal regions and made freely available through the CTOH/LEGOS website: http://ctoh.legos.obs-mip.fr/products/coastal-products

  3. 3.

    In essence, the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem asserts that an analog signal that has been sampled can be reconstructed from the samples if the sampling rate exceeds 2N samples per second, where N is the highest frequency in the original signal. In the case of the T/P satellite, 1 Hz sampling along the satellite ground track represents 6–7 km spatial sampling (depending on the latitude of the satellite), meaning that only scales greater than about 13 km can be reconstructed from the samples.

Abbreviations

ALBICOCCA:

ALtimeter-Based Investigations in COrsica, Capraia and Contiguous Areas

ASI:

Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

AVISO:

Archivage, Validation et Interprétation des données des Satellites Océanographiques

CLS:

Collecte Localisation Satellites

CNES:

Centre National d’Études Spatiales

COASTALT:

ESA development of COASTal ALTimetry

CTOH:

Centre de Topographie des Océans et de l’Hydrosphère

DUACS:

Data Unification and Altimeter Combination System

ENVISAT:

ENVIronmental SATellite

ESA:

European Space Agency

EU:

European Union

FES:

Finite Element Solution

GDR:

Geophysical data record

GEOSAT:

GEodetic & Oceanographic SATellite

GFO:

GEOSAT Follow-On

GMES:

Global Monitoring for Environment and Security

GOCE:

Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer

GODAE:

Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment

GOT:

Global Ocean Tide

IB:

Inverted Barometer

IMBER:

Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research

LA:

Laboratoire d’Aérologie

LEGOS:

Laboratoire d’Études en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales

LPC:

Liguro-Provençal-Catalan

LSER:

Large-scale error reduction

MARINA:

MARgin INtegrated Approach

MDT:

Mean dynamic topography

MERSEA:

Marine Environment and Security for the European Area

MFSTEP:

Mediterranean Forecasting System Toward Environmental Prediction

Mog2D:

Modèle d’Ondes de Gravité 2D

MSS:

Mean Sea Surface

NWMED:

North-Western MEDiterranean

OGCM:

Ocean General Circulation Model

OSTST:

Ocean Surface Topography Science Team

PISTACH:

Prototype Innovant de Système de Traitement pour l’Altimétrie Côtière et l’Hydrologie

SARAL:

Satellite with ARgos and ALtika

SLA:

Sea Level Anomaly

SSALTO:

Segment Sol multimissions d’ALTimétrie, d’Orbitographie et de locali-sation précise

SSH:

Sea Surface Height

SST:

Sea Surface Temperature

SVD:

Singular Value Decomposition

SWOT:

Surface Water and Ocean Topography

TOPEX:

TOPography EXperiment

TOSCA:

Terre, Ocean, Surfaces Continentales, Atmosphère

T-UGOm:

Toulouse Unstructured Grid Ocean Model

UNESCO:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the entire staff at the Centre de Topographie des Océans et de l’Hydrosphère (CTOH) at LEGOS for access to the altimeter data bases (http://ctoh.legos.obs-mip.fr/) and its expertise. This paper was significantly improved by comments from Rosemary Morrow. Very special thanks are due to Stefano Vignudelli and Paolo Cipollini for strong interactions on the coastal altimetry issue since the ALBICOCCA project. The ALBICOCCA project was funded by CNES in the framework of TOSCA programme and ASI. The SYMPHONIE model data come from the outcome of the MFSTEP project, funded by the European Commission 5th Framework Programme on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (EU contract number EVK3-CT-2002-00075). This work has been partially carried out in the framework of the “GOCE Gravity Improvement of Continental Slope and Shelf Ocean Circulation Modelling” study, funded by the European Space Agency (ESA contract number 19740/06/NL/HE). This work was carried out as a contribution to the MARINA (MARgin INtegrated Approach) project, funded by CNES in the framework of the Ocean Surface Topography Science Team investigation plan (CNES/EUMETSAT/NASA/NOAA).

In addition, the authors would like to honour the warmth and kind guidance of a pioneer, colleague and friend, Dr. Yves Ménard. This chapter is dedicated to his memory.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), UPS (OMP-PCA), Université de Toulouse, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France

    L. Roblou, F. Lyard, M. Le Hénaff, P. Marsaleix, P. De Mey & F. Birol

  2. LEGOS, CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France

    L. Roblou, F. Lyard, M. Le Hénaff, P. Marsaleix, P. De Mey & F. Birol

  3. Laboratoire d’Aérologie (LA), CNRS, F-31400, Toulouse, France

    P. Marsaleix

  4. NOVELTIS SA, 2 Avenue de l’Europe, F-31520, Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France

    J. Lamouroux

  5. Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats, C/Miquel Marquès, 21, Mallorca, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain

    J. Bouffard

  6. Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France

    A. Lombard

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Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. Roblou .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ist. Biofisica, CNR Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy

    Stefano Vignudelli

  2. , P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovsky Pr. 36, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation

    Andrey G. Kostianoy

  3. Lab. Satellite Oceanography, Ocean Observing & Climate Res. Group, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom

    Paolo Cipollini

  4. Directorate of Earth Observation Program, European Space Agency /ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, Frascati (Roma), 00044, Italy

    Jérôme Benveniste

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Roblou, L. et al. (2011). Post-processing Altimeter Data Towards Coastal Applications and Integration into Coastal Models. In: Vignudelli, S., Kostianoy, A., Cipollini, P., Benveniste, J. (eds) Coastal Altimetry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12796-0_9

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