Abstract
“The vast body of empirical evidence on the origins, speed, and correlates of fertility declines in different historical and geographical settings shows more diversity than a simple theory of fertility change would predict,” states Hirschmann (1994, p. 203). If one cannot expect a single theory to explain fertility and fertility changes, the picture gets even more complex in the context of international migration because different environments (at origin and destination) and the migration process itself may shape fertility behavior and attitudes not only of the migrants, but also of their relatives. The women and men who leave their region of origin and settle in a different region, i.e., the first generation of migrants, share the experience of the migration process. The migration takes place within the fertile lifespan and/or union-formation ages (or at older ages). The persons directly experience two societies when they move from one country to another, or two living environments in the case of internal migrants.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
In general, demographic studies have increasingly focused on the role of culture in order to explain certain demographic differentials between (sub-)populations that show similar socio-economic characteristics (Hammel 1990; Bernardi and Hutter 2007).
- 2.
Mrdjen 1997 gives shares of inter-ethnic marriages of 8.6% in 1950 and 13.5% in 1990, though there is a large geographical variation. Whereas Slovenes, Croates, and Serbes have higher intermarriage rates, intermarriage is hardly observed among people of Albanian, Macedonic, and Muslim belonging.
- 3.
The changes effective from January 2005 onwards are not listed here since they are not relevant for the time frame of the study.
- 4.
For West Germans, Strohmeier (1989), for example, shows rural–urban fertility differentials and selected moves to rural areas among women with higher fertility.
- 5.
The legal conditions are different for other immigrant groups. Investigating the migration strategies of Cameroonians, Fleischer (2007) suggests the possibility that migrants can gain a residence permit if they have custody of a child with a partner who has either German citizenship or a residence permit. But even so, marriage remains the crucial factor both for those people who aim at gaining legal status in Germany, and immigrants moving to Germany owing to family reunion.
References
Abadan-Unat, N. 1974. Turkish External Migration and Social Mobility, in P. Benedict, E. Tümertekin and F. Mansur (Eds.), Turkey. Geographic and Social Perspectives. Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 362–402.
Abbasi-Shavazi, M. J., and P. McDonald. 2000. Fertility and Multiculturalism: Immigrant Fertility in Australia, 1977–1991, International Migration Review 34(1): 215–242.
Abbasi-Shavazi, M.J., and P. McDonald. 2002. A comparison of fertility patterns of European immigrants in Australia with those in the countries of origin, Genus 58: 53–76.
Alders, M. 2000. Cohort fertility of migrant women in the Netherlands. Developments in fertility of women born in Turkey, Morocco, Suriname, and the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. Paper for the BSPS-NVD-URU Conference, 31 August–1 September 2000, Utrecht: Statistics Netherlands.
Andersson, G. 2004. Childbearing after Migration: Fertility Patterns of Foreign-born Women in Sweden, International Migration Review 38(2): 747–775.
Andersson, G., and K. Scott. 2005. Labour-market status and first-time parenthood: The experience of immigrant women in Sweden, 1981–97, Population Studies 59(1): 21–38.
Andersson, G. and K. Scott. 2007. Childbearing dynamics of couples in a universalistic welfare state: the role of labor-market status, country of origin, and gender, Demographic Research 17(30): 897–938. www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol17/30/.
Angenendt, S. 2002. Einwanderungspolitik und Einwanderungsgesetzgebung in Deutschland 2000–2001, in K. J. Bade and R. Münz (Hgs.), Migrationsreport 2002. Fakten – Analysen – Perspektiven. Frankfurt, New York: Campus Verlag, pp. 31–59.
Ataca, B., C. Kagitcibasi, and A. Diri. 2005. The Turkish Family and the Value of Children: Trends over Time, in G. Trommsdorf and B. Nauck (Eds.), The Value of Children in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Case Studies from eight societies. Lengerich (et al.): Pabst Science Publishers, pp. 91–119.
Bach, R. L. 1981. Migration and Fertility in Malaysia: A Tale of Two Hypotheses, International Migration Review 15(3): 502–521.
Bade, K. J. 1994. Ausländer, Aussiedler, Asyl in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. 3. Aufl. Hannover: Niedersächsische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung.
Bean, F. D., and J. P. Marcum. 1978. Differential Fertility and the Minority Group Status Hypothesis: An Assessment and Review, in conference proceedings on The demography of racial and ethnic groups. Based on papers presented at a Conference held in Austin. New York: Academic Press, 189–211.
Bean, F. D., and G. Swicegood. 1985. Mexican American fertility patterns. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Bean, F. D., and M. Tienda. 1990. The Hispanic population of the United States [National Committee for Research on the 1980 Census (Ed.), The Population of the United States in the 1980s]. New York: Russel Sage Foundation.
Becker, G. S. 1981. A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bender, S., and W. Seifert. 2000. Zur beruflichen und sozialen Integration der in Deutschland lebenden Ausländer, in R. Alba, P. Schmidt, and M. Wasmer (Hgs.), Deutsche und Ausländer – Freunde, Fremde oder Feinde? Empirische Befunde und theoretische Erklärungen. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, pp. 55–91.
Bernardi, L. 2003. Channels of social influence on reproduction. Population Research and Policy Review 22(5–6): 527–555.
Bledsoe, C. 2004. Reproduction at the Margins: Migration and Legitimacy in the New Europe, Demographic Research S3(4): 87–116. www.demographic-research.org/special/3/4.
Bledsoe, C., R. Houle, and P. Sow. 2007. High fertility Gambians in low fertility Spain: The dynamics of child accumulation across transnational space, Demographic Research 16(12): 375–412. www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol16/12/.
Bonacker, M. and R. Häufele. 1986. Sozialbeziehungen von Arbeitsmigranten in unterschiedlichen Wohnquartieren, in J. H. P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik (Hg.), Segregation und Integration. Die Situation von Arbeitsmigranten in Deutschland. Berlin: Quorum Verlag, pp. 118–142.
Botev, N. 1990. Nuptiality in the Course of the Demographic Transition: The Experience of the Balkan Countries, Population Studies 44: 107–126.
Botev, N. 1994. Where East Meets West: Ethnic Intermarriage in the Former Yugoslavia, 1962 to 1989, American Sociological Review 59: 461–480.
Breznik, D. 1980. Fertility of the Yugoslav Population, in Institute of Social Sciences (Ed.), Fertility and Family Planning in Yugoslavia. Beograd: in Institute of Social Sciences, Demographic Research Centre, pp. 59–103.
Breznik, D., and N. Raduski. 1993. Demographic characteristics of the population of FR Yugoslavia by nationality, Yugoslav Survey 34(4): 3–44.
Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (Hg). 2000. Familien ausländischer Herkunft in Deutschland. Leistungen, Belastungen, Herausforderungen. Sechster Familienbericht. Berlin: BMFSFJ.
Burch, T. K. 1966. The Fertility of North American Catholics: A Comparative Overview, Demography 3(1): 174–187.
Carlson, E. D. 1985a. The Impact of International Migration Upon Timing of Marriage and Childbearing, Demography 22(1): 61–72.
Carlson, E. 1985b. Increased nonmarital births among foreign women in Germany, Sociology and Social Research 70(1): 110–111.
Coale, A. J., and R. Treadway. 1986. A Summary of the Changing Distribution of Overall Fertility, Marital Fertility, and the Proportion Married in the Provinces of Europe, in A. J. Coale and S. C. Watkins (Eds.), The Decline of Fertility in Europe. The Revised Proceedings of a Conference on the Princeton European Fertility Project. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 31–181.
Coleman, D. A. 1994. Trends in Fertility and Intermarriage among Immigrant Populations in Western Europe as Measure of Integration, Journal of Biosocial Science 26: 107–136.
Constant, A., and D. S. Massey. 2005. Labor market segmentation and the earnings of German guestworkers, Population Research and Policy Review 24: 489–512.
Council of Europe. 1981. Steering Committee on Population. Recent Fertility Trends in Europe. Strasbourg: CoE.
Council of Europe. 1982. Country Report on Policy Objectives and Measures Relevant to Population Trends. Turkey. European Population Conference 1982, Demographic trends and policy responses. Strasbourg 21–24 September.
Council of Europe. 1990: Recent demographic developments in the member states of the Council of Europe and in Yugoslavia. Country reports prepared by the members of the European Population Committee. Strasbourg: CoE.
Courgeau, D. 1989. Family Formation and Urbanization Population: An English Selection 44(1): 123–146.
Crul, M., and H. Vermeulen. 2006. Immigration, education, and the Turkish second generation in five European nations: A comparative study, in C. A. Parsons and T. M. Smeeding (Eds.) Immigration and the Transformation of Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 235–250.
Dalla Zuanna, G. 2004. The banquet of Aeolus. A familistic interpretation of Italy’s lowest-low fertility, in G. Dalla Zuanna and G. A. Micheli (Eds.), Strong Family and Low Fertility: A Paradox? New Perspectives in Interpreting Contemporary Family and Reproductive Behavior. Dordrecht (et al.): Kluwer, pp. 105–125.
De Bruijn, B. 1999. Foundations of demographic theory. Choice, process, context. Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit [Doctoral Thesis].
Delgado Perez, M., and M. Livi-Bacci. 1992. Fertility in Italy and Spain: The Lowest in the World, Family Planning Perspectives 24(4): 162–167+171.
Diehl, C. 2002a. Die Auswirkungen längerer Herkunftslandsaufenthalte auf den Bildungserfolg türkisch- und italienischstämmiger Schülerinnen und Schüler, Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 27(2): 165–184.
Diehl, C. 2002b. Wer wird Deutsche/r und warum? Bestimmungsfaktoren der Einbürgerung türkisch- und italienischstämmiger junger Erwachsener – Ergebnisse des Integrationssurveys des BiB, Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 27(3): 285–312.
Diehl, C., and J. Urbahn, and H. Esser [Mitarb.]. 1998. Die soziale und politische Partizipation von Zuwanderern in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bonn: Forschungsinstitut der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Gesprächskreis Arbeit und Soziales.
Dinkel, R. H., and U. H. Lebok. 1997. The Fertility of Migrants Before and After Crossing the Border: The Ethnic German Population from the Former Soviet Union as a Case Study, International Migration 2: 253–268.
Döpp, W., and J. Leib. 1980. Gastarbeiter in Stadtallendorf (Hessen). Demographische Merkmale und Integrationsverhalten von Türken und Italienern, Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 6(1): 59–84.
Dornis, C. 2002. Zwei Jahre nach der Reform des Staatsangehörigkeitsrechts – Bilanz und Ausblick, in K. J. Bade and R. Münz (Hgs.), Migrationsreport 2002. Fakten – Analysen – Perspektiven. Frankfurt, New York: Campus Verlag, pp. 163–177.
Duncan, O. D. 1965. Farm Background and Differential Fertility, Demography 2: 240–249.
Eggerickx, T., M. Poulain, and C. Kesteloot [Avec la collaboration de L. Dal, M. Debuisson, M. Foulon, et G. Juchtmans]. 2002. La Population allochtone en Belgique. Bruxelles: Ministère des Affaires économiques, Institut national de Statistique, Services fédéraux des Affaires scientifiques, techniques et culturelles.
Eichenhofer, E. 2000a. Familien ausländischer Herkunft im deutschen und europäischen Sozialrecht – Probleme und Gestaltungsaufgaben, in Sachverständigenkommission 6. Familienbericht (Hg.), Familien ausländischer Herkunft in Deutschland: Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen. Materialien zum 6. Familienbericht. Bd. 3. Opladen: Leske+Budrich, pp. 9–66.
Eichenhofer, E. 2000b. Die privatrechtliche Stellung ausländischer Familien in Deutschland, in Sachverständigenkommission 6. Familienbericht (Hg.), Familien ausländischer Herkunft in Deutschland: Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen. Materialien zum 6. Familienbericht. Bd. 3. Opladen: Leske+Budrich, pp. 67–93.
Elder, Jr., G. H. 1985. Perspective on the life course, in G. H. Elder Jr. (Ed.), Life Course Dynamics: Trajectories and Transitions, 1968–1980. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 23–49.
Elder, Jr., G. H. 1994. Time, human agency, and social change: perspective on the life course, Social Psychology Quarterly 57(1): 4–15.
Ergöcmen, B. A., and M. A. Eryurt. 2004. Other Proximate Determinants of Fertility, in Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies: Turkey Demographic and Health Survey, 2003. Ankara: HUIPS, Ministry of Health General Directorate of Mother and Child Health and Family Planning, State Planning Organization and European Union, pp. 89–96.
Farber, S. C., and B. S. Lee. 1984. Fertility Adaptation of Rural-To-Urban Migrant Women: A Method of Estimation Applied to Korean Women, Demography 21: 339–345.
Fleischer, A. 2007. Familienbildungsprozesse als Möglichkeit der Legalisierung: Zur Situation Kameruner MigrantInnen in Deutschland. WP-2007-011. Rostock: MPIDR. www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2007-011.pdf.
Ford, K. 1990. Duration of Residence in the United States and the Fertility of U.S. Immigrants, International Migration Review 24(1): 34–68.
Forste, R., and M. Tienda. 1996. What’s Behind Racial and Ethnic Fertility Differentials?, Population and Development Review 22, Supplement: Fertility in the United States: New Patterns, New Theories: 109–133.
Frank, R., and P. Heuveline. 2005. A cross-over in Mexican and Mexican-American fertility rates: Evidence and explanations for an emerging paradox, Demographic Research 12(4): 77–104. www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol12/4/.
Freedman, R., and D. P. Slesinger. 1961. Fertility Differentials for the Indigenous Non-farm Population of the United States, Population Studies 15(2): 161–173.
Friedlander, D., and C. Goldscheider. 1978. Immigration, Social Change and Cohort Fertility in Israel, Population Studies 32(2): 299–317.
Friedlander, D., Z. Eisenbach, and C. Goldscheider. 1980. Family-Size Limitation and Birth Spacing: The Fertility Transition of African and Asian Immigrants in Israel, Population and Development Review 6(4): 581–593.
Friedman, D., M. Hechter, and S. Kanazawa. 1994. The theory of the value of children, Demography 31: 375–401.
Fritzsche, Y. 2000. Die quantitative Studie: Stichprobenstruktur und Feldarbeit, in A. Fischer, Y. Fritzsche, W. Fuchs-Heinritz, and R. Münchmeier (Hgs.), 13. Shell Jugendstudie, Bd. 1/Quantitative Studie. Opladen: Leske+Budrich, pp. 349–378.
Garssen, J., and H. Nicolaas. 2008. Fertility of Turkish and Moroccan women in the Netherlands: Adjustment to native level within one generation, Demographic Research 19(33): 1249–1280. www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol19/33/.
Georgas, J., T. Bafiti, K. Mylonas, and L. Papademou. 2005. Families in Greece, in J. L. Roopnarine and U. Gielen (Eds.), Families in Global Perspective. Boston (et al.): Pearson, pp. 207–224.
Giele, J. Z., and G. H. Elder. 1998. Life Course Research: Development of a Field. In Giele, J. Z., and G. H. Elder, Jr. 1998. (Eds.), Methods of Life Course Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications: 5–27.
Gjerde, J., and A. McCants. 1995. Fertility, Marriage, and Culture: Demographic Processes Among Norwegian Immigrants to the Rural Middle West, The Journal of Economic History 55(4): 860–888.
Goldberg, D. 1959. The Fertility of Two-Generation Urbanites, Population Studies 12(3): 214–222.
Goldberg, A. 2000. Integration von Türken in Deutschland, in H. Wendt und A. Heigl (Hgs.), Ausländerintegration in Deutschland. Vorträge auf der 2. Tagung des Arbeitskreises „Migration – Integration – Minderheiten“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Bevölkerungswissenschaft (DGBw), Berlin 14. und 15. Oktober 1999. Materialien zur Bevölkerungswissenschaft 101. Wiesbaden: BiB, pp. 75-95.
Goldscheider, C., and P. R. Uhlenberg. 1969. Minority Group Status and Fertility, The American Journal of Sociology 74(4): 361–372.
Goldstein, S. 1973. Interrelations Between Migration and Fertility in Thailand, Demography 10(2): 225–241.
Goldstein, S., and A. Goldstein. 1981. The Impact of Migration on Fertility: an ‘Own Children’ Analysis for Thailand, Population Studies 35(2): 265–284.
Goldstein, A., M. White, and S. Goldstein. 1997. Migration, Fertility, and State Policy in Hubei Province, China, Demography 34(4): 481–491.
Golini, A. 1999. Levels and trends o fertility in Italy: Are they desirable or sustainable?, Population Bulletin of the United Nations 40/41: 247–265.
González-Ferrer, A. 2006. Who Do Immigrants Marry? Partner Choice Among Single Immigrants in Germany, European Sociological Review 22(2): 171–185.
Gordon, M. 1964. Assimilation in American Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grundy, E. 1986. Migration and Fertility Behavior in England and Wales: A Record Linkage Study, Journal of Biosocial Science 18: 403–423.
Hajnal, J. 1965. European marriage patterns in perspective, in D. V. Glass and D. E. C. Eversley (Eds.), Population in History. London: Edaward Arnold, pp. 101–146.
Hammel, E. A. 1990. A Theory of Culture for Demography. Population and Development Review 16(3): 455–485.
Hancioglu, A. 1997. Fertility Trends in Turkey: 1978–1993, in Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, Macro International Inc. (Eds.), Fertility Trends, Women’s Status, and Reproductive Expectations in Turkey. Results of Further Analysis of the 1993 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey. Ankara: HUIPS, pp. 1–78.
Hancioglu, A., and B. A. Ergöcmen. 2004. Women’s Characteristics and Status, Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies. Turkey Demographic and Health Survey, 2003. Ankara: HUIPS, Ministry of Health General Directorate of Mother and Child Health and Family Planning, State Planning Organization and European Union, pp. 33–44.
Haug, S. 2002. Familie, soziales Kapital und soziale Integration. Zur Erklärung ethnischer Unterschiede in Partnerwahl und generativem Verhalten bei jungen Erwachsenen deutscher, italienischer und türkischer Abstammung, Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 4(27): 393–425.
Haug, S. 2003. Die soziale Integration junger italienischer und türkischer Migranten, in F. Swiaczny and S. Haug (Hgs.), Migration – Integration – Minderheiten: Neuere interdisziplinäre Forschungsergebnisse; Vorträge gehalten auf der 4. Tagung des Arbeitskreises Migration – Integration – Minderheiten der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Demographie (DGD) in Leipzig am 10. und 11. Oktober 2002. Materialien zur Bevölkerungswissenschaft 107. Wiesbaden: BiB, pp. 97–127.
Hennig, S., and A. Kohlmann. 1999. Determing Fertility Behaviour: A Comparison of Foreign-Born in the U.S. and Germany, in R. Münz and W. Seifert (Eds.). Inclusion or Exclusion of Immigrants: Europe and the U.S. at the Crossroads. Demographie aktuell 14. Berlin: Humboldt-Universität, pp. 43–55.
Herrmann, H. 1992b. Ursachen und Entwicklung der Ausländerbeschäftigung, in Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (Hg.), Ausländer, Informationen zur politischen Bildung 237, pp. 4–7.
Herrmann, H. 1992c. Ausländer und Recht, in Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (Hg.), Ausländer, Informationen zur politischen Bildung 237, pp. 8–12.
Hervitz, H. M. 1985. Selectivity, Adaptation, or Disruption? A Comparison of Alternative Hypotheses on the Effects of Migration on Fertility: The Case of Brazil, International Migration Review 19(2): 293–317.
Hiday, V. A. 1978. Migration, Urbanization, and Fertility in the Philippines, International Migration Review 12(3): 370–385.
Hionidou, V. 1995. Nuptiality patterns and household structure on the Greek island of Mykonos, Journal of Family History 20(2): 67–102.
Hirschman, C. 1994. Why Fertility Changes, Annual Review of Sociology 20: 203–233.
Huinink, J. 2006. Zur Positionsbestimmung der empirischen Familiensoziologie, Zeitschrift für Familienforschung 18(2): 212–252.
Hutchinson, B. 1961. Fertility, Social Mobility and Urban Migration in Brazil, International Migration Review 14(3): 182–189.
Hwang, S.-S., and R. Saenz. 1997. Fertility of Chinese Immigrants in the U.S.: Testing a Fertility Emancipation Hypothesis, Journal of Marriage and the Family 59(1):50–61.
Iutaka, S., E. W. Bock, and W. G. Varnes. 1971. Factors Affecting Fertility of Natives and Migrants in Urban Brazil, International Migration Review 25(1): 55–62.
Jaffe, A. K., and R. M. Cullen. 1975. Fertility of the Puerto Rican Origin Population-Mainland United States and Puerto Rico: 1970, International Migration Review 9(2, Migration and Fertility): 193–209.
Jensen, E. R., and D. A. Ahlburg. 2004. Why does migration decrease fertility? Evidence from the Philippines, Population Studies 58(2): 219–231.
Jung, M., and T. Niehr. 2000. Der arbeitende Gast, in M. Jung, T. Niehr, and K. Böke (Hgs.). Ausländer und Migranten im Spiegel der Presse. Ein diskurshistorisches Wörterbuch zur Einwanderung seit 1945. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, pp. 53–72.
Kagitcibasi, C. 1982. Sex roles, value of children and fertility, in C. Kagitcibasi (Ed.), Sex roles, family and community in Turkey. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 151–180.
Kahn, J. R. 1988. Immigrant Selectivity and Fertility Adaptation in the United States, Social Forces 67(1): 108–128.
Kahn, J. R. 1994. Immigrant and Native Fertility During the 1980s: Adaptation and Expectations for the Future, International Migration Review 28(3): 501–519.
Kane, T. T. 1986. The fertility and assimilation of guestworker populations in the Federal Republic of Germany: 1961–1981, Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 12(1): 99–131.
Kane, T. T. 1989. Streams of Change: Fertility, Nuptiality, and Assimilation of Guestworker Populations in the Federal Republic of Germany. Garland Studies in Historical Demography. New York, London: Garland Publishing [Doctoral Thesis].
Kane, T. T., and E. H. Stephen. 1988. Patterns of intermarriage of guestworker populations in the Federal Republic of Germany: 1960–1985, Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 14(2): 187–204.
Kennedy, Jr., R. E. 1973. Minority Group Status and Fertility: The Irish, American Sociological Review 38(1): 85–96.
Khoo, S.-E., P. McDonald, D. Giorgas, and B. Birrell. 2002. Second Generation Australians. Canberra: Australian Centre for Population Research, Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs.
Koc, I., and A. Hancioglu. 1999. Demographic Differentials and Demographic Integration of Turkish and Kurdish Populations in Turkey. European Population Conference ‘European Populations: Unity in Diversity’, The Hague, 30 August–3 September.
Koc, I., and E. Özdemir. 2004. Fertility, in Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies. 2004. Turkey Demographic and Health Survey, 2003. Ankara: HUIPS, Ministry of Health General Directorate of Mother and Child Health and Family Planning, State Planning Organization and European Union, pp. 45–58.
Kravdal, Ø. 2001. The high fertility of college educated women in Norway: an artefact of the separate modelling of each parity transition, Demographic Research 5(6): 185–216. www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol5/6/.
Kreyenfeld, M. 2001a: Employment and Fertility. East Germany in the 1990s. Rostock: University of Rostock [Doctoral Thesis].
Kreyenfeld, M. 2002. Time Squeeze, Partner Effect or Self-Selection?: An Investigation into the Positive Effect of Women’s Education on Second Birth Risks in West Germany, Demographic Research 7(2): 15–48. www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol7/2/.
Kreyenfeld, M. 2004. Politikdiskussion fehlt verlässliche statistische Grundlage. Datenprobleme in der Demografie am Beispiel der Kinderlosigkeit in Deutschland. Demografische Forschung Aus Erster Hand 3: 4. www.demografische-forschung.org/archiv/defo0403.pdf.
Kreyenfeld, M., and D. Konietzka. 2002. The Performance of migrants in occupational labour markets. Evidence from Aussiedler in Germany, European Societies 1(4): 53–78.
Kulu, H. 2005. Migration and Fertility: Competing Hypotheses Re-examined, European Journal of Population 21: 51–87.
Kulu, H. 2006. Fertility of Internal Migrants: Comparison between Austria and Poland, Population, Space and Place 12: 147–170.
Landale, N. S., and S. M. Hauan. 1996. Migration and Premarital Childbearing Among Puerto Rican Women, Demography 33(4): 429–442.
Lindstrom, D. P. 2003. Rural-urban migration and reproductive behavior in Guatemala, Population Research and Policy Review 22: 351–372.
Lindstrom, D. P., and S. Giorguli Saucedo. 2007. The Interrelationship of Fertility, Family Maintenance and Mexico-U.S. Migration, Demographic Research 17(28): 821–858. www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol17/28/.
Linke, W. 1976. The demographic characteristics and the marriage and fertility patterns of migrant populations: an assessment of their role in the future demographic development of countries of origin and destination. Population Studies 1. Strasbourg: CoE.
Maani, S. A. 1994. Are Young First and Second Generation Immigrants at a Disadvantage in the Australian Labor Market?, International Migration Review 28(4): Special Issue: The New Second Generation: 865–882.
Macisco, J. J., and G. C. Myers. 1975. Introduction, International Migration Review 9(2, Migration and Fertility): 111–114.
Macisco, Jr., J. J., L. F. Bouvier, and M. J. Renzi. 1969. Migration Status, Education and Fertility in Puerto Rico, 1960, The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 47(2): 167–186.
Macisco, J. J., L. F. Bouvier, and R. H. Weller. 1970. The Effect of Labor Force Participation on the Relation between Migration Status and Fertility in San Juan, Puerto Rico, The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 48(1): 51–70.
Massey, D. S. 1981. Dimensions of the New Immigration to the United States and the Prospects for Assimilation, Annual Review of Sociology 7: 57–85.
Mayer, J., and R.T. Riphahn. 2000. Fertility assimilation if immigrants: Evidence from count data models, Journal of Population Economics 13: 241–261.
McGirr, N. J., and C. Hirschman. 1979. The Two Generation Urbanite Hypothesis Revisited, Demography 16: 27–35.
Meis, N. 1993. Aspekte struktureller und differentieller Mobilität von Ausländern in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Materialien zur Bevölkerungswissenschaft 78. Wiesbaden: BiB.
Meng, F. [without year]. Fundamentalismus und Integration. Wie strenggläubige muslimische Frauen der zweiten Einwanderungsgeneration ihren Weg in die Integration gehen. Ergebnisse eines Gruppengesprächs. Der interkulturelle Dialog. Die Ausländerbeauftragte des Landes Bremen.
Milewski-Nykiel, N. 2002. Elemente der Partnerwahl von Zuwanderern in Deutschland. Eine empirische Studie. Mainz: Johannes Gutenberg-Universität [Master’s Thesis].
Milewski, N. 2003. Partner Selection by Immigrants in Germany: The Impact of Religious Affiliation and Education on Age at Marriage, Anthropologie 41(3): 291–294.
Mimkes, J. 2001. Die familiale Integration von Zuwanderern und Konfessionsgruppen – zur Bedeutung von Toleranz und Heiratsmarkt, in T. Klein (Hg.), Partnerwahl und Heiratsmuster. Sozialstrukturelle Voraussetzungen der Liebe. Opladen: Leske+Budrich, pp. 233–262.
Mrden, S., and M. A. Mladen. 1998. The demographic situation in Croatia. Zagreb: Republic of Croatia, Ministry of development and reconstruction.
Mrdjen, S. 1997. Les marriages interethniques: indicateurs d’homogénéisation et de ségrégation des nationalités en ex-Yougoslavie. Congress: IUSSP 23rd General Population Conference. Beijing.
Münscher, A. 1979. Ausländische Familien in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland – Familiennachzug und generatives Verhalten. München: DJI Verlag.
Münz, R., and R. Ulrich. 2000. Die ethnische und demographische Struktur von Ausländern und Zuwanderern in Deutschland; in R. Alba, P. Schmidt und M. Wasmer (Hgs.), Deutsche und Ausländer: Freunde, Fremde oder Feinde? Empirische Befunde und theoretische Erklärungen. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, pp. 11–54.
Münz, R., W. Seifert, R. Ulrich, and H. Fassmann. 1997b. Migrationsmuster, Integration und Exklusion von Ausländern. Deutschland und Österreich im Vergleich. Demographie aktuell 10. Berlin: Humboldt-Universität.
Mulder, C. H., and M. Wagner. 1993. Migration and Marriage in the Life Course: a Method for Studying Synchronized Events, European Journal of Population 9: 55–76.
Myers, G. C., and E. W. Morris. 1966. Migration and Fertility in Puerto Rico, Population Studies 20(1): 85–96.
Nahmias, P. 2004. Fertility behavior of recent immigrants to Israel: A comparative analysis of immigrants from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union, Demographic Research 10(4): 83–120. www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol10/4/.
Nauck, B. 1987. Individuelle und kontextuelle Faktoren der Kinderzahl in türkischen Migrantenfamilien, Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 13(3): 319–344.
Nauck, B. 1997. Sozialer Wandel, Migration und Familienbildung bei türkischen Frauen, in B. Nauck und U. Schönpflug (Hgs.), Familien in verschiedenen Kulturen. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag, pp. 162–199.
Nauck, B. 2007. Immigrant families in Germany. Family change between situational adaptation, acculturation, segregation and remigration, Zeitschrift für Familienforschung 19(1): 34–54.
Nedoluzhko, L., and G. Andersson. 2007. Migration and first-time parenthood: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan, Demographic Research 17(25): 741–774. www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol17/25/.
Nejasmic, I. 1996. Regional Characteristics of Population Reproduction in the Republic of Croatia. Geografski Glasnik 58: 1–14.
Ng, E., and F. Nault. 1997. Fertility among Recent Immigrant Women to Canada, 1991: An Examination of the Disruption Hypothesis, International Migration Review 35(4): 559–580.
Okun, B. S. 1997. Innovation and Adaptation in Fertility Transition: Jewish Immigrants to Israel from Muslim North Africa and the Middle East, Population Studies 51(3): 317–335.
Perrin, N., and M. Poulain, and E. Jimenez-Julia [collaboration]. 2002. Italiens de Belgique. Analyse socio-démographiques et analyse des appartenance. Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia-Bruylant.
Petersen, W. 1964. The Politics of Population. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd.
Portes, A., and R. G. Rumbaut. 1996. Immigrant America: a portrait. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Portes, A., and R. G. Rumbaut. 2001. Conclusion. The Forging of a New America: Lessons for Theory and Policy, in A. Portes and R. G. Rumbaut (Eds.), Ethnicities: children of immigrants in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 301–317.
Portes, A., and M. Zhou. 1993. The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 530 (Interminority Affairs in the U.S.: Pluralism at the Crossroads): 74–96.
Poston Jr., D. L., C.-F. Chang, and H. Dan. 2006. Fertility differences between the majority and minority nationality groups in China, Population Research and Policy Review 25: 67–101.
Ram, B., and M. V. George. 1990. Immigrant fertility patterns in Canada, 1961–1986, International Migration 28(4): 413–426.
Reher, D. S. 1998. Family Ties in Western Europe: Persistent Contrasts, Population and Development Review 24: 203–234.
Reher, D. S. 2004. Family ties in Western Europe: persisting contrasts, in G. Dalla Zuanna and G. A. Micheli (Eds.), Strong Family and Low Fertility: A Paradox? New Perspectives in Interpreting Contemporary Family and Reproductive Behavior. Dordrecht (et al.): Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 45–76.
Rindfuss, R. R. 1976. Fertility and Migration: The Case of Puerto Rico, International Migration Review 10(2): 191–203.
Riphahn, R. T. 2003. Cohort effects in the educational attainment of second generation immigrants in Germany: An analysis of census data, Journal of Population Economics 16: 711–737.
Ritchey, R. P. 1975. The Effect of Minority Group Status on Fertility: A Re-examination of Concepts, Population Studies 29(2): 249–257.
Ritchey, P. N., and C. S. Stokes. 1972. Residence Background, Migration, and Fertility, Demography 9(2): 217–230.
Roberts, R. E., and E. S. Lee. 1974. Minority Group Status and Fertility Revisited, The American Journal of Sociology 80(2) 503–523.
Roloff, J. 1997. Die ausländische und deutsche Bevölkerung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland – ein bevölkerungsstatistischer Vergleich, Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 22(1): 73–98.
Roloff, J. 1998. Eheschließungen und Ehescheidungen von und mit Ausländern in Deutschland, Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 23(3): 319–334.
Rosenwaike, I. 1973. Two Generations of Italians in America: Their Fertility Experience, International Migration Review 7(3): 271–280.
Rosina, A. 2004. Family formation and fertility in Italy: a cohort perspective, in G. Dalla Zuanna and G. A. Micheli (Eds.), Strong Family and Low Fertility: A Paradox? New Perspectives in Interpreting Contemporary Family and Reproductive Behavior. Dordrecht (et al.): Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 23–43.
Rosina, A., and R. Fraboni. 2004. Is marriage loosing its centrality in Italy? Demographic Research 11(6): 149–172. www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol11/6/.
Rumbaut, R. G. 2004. Ages, Life Stages, and Generational Cohorts: Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States, International Migration Review 38(3): 1160–1205.
Rumbaut, R. G., and J. R. Weeks. 1986. Fertility and Adaptation: Indochinese Refugees in the United States, International Migration Review 20(2, Special Issue: Refugees): Issues and Directions: 428–466.
Rundquist, F.-M., and L. A. Brown. 1989. Migrant Fertility Differentials in Ecuador, Geografiska Annaler, Series B, Human Geography 71(2): 109–123.
Ryder, N. B., P. M. Hauser, and W. H. Grabill. 1971. Outstanding Developments in Research during the past Forty Years and Outlook for the Future. Notes on Fertility Measurement, The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 49(4, Part 2: Forty Years of Research in Human Fertility: Retrospect and Prospect. Proceedings of a Conference Honoring Clyde V. Kiser. Held at the Carnegie Endowment International Center New York City, May 5–6, 1971): 109–131.
Sabagh, G., and S. B. Yim. 1980. The Relationship between Migration and Fertility in an Historical Context: The Case of Morocco in the 1960s, International Migration Review 14(4): 525–538.
Saenz, R., S.-S. Hwang, and B. E. Aguirre. 1994. In Search of Asian War Brides, Demography 31(3): 549–559.
Schoenmaeckers, R. C., E. Lodewijckx, and S. Gadeyne. 1998. Vruchtbaarheid bij Turkse en Marokkaanse vrouwen in Belgie: resultaten van de volkstellingen, Bevolking en Gezin 27(3): 127–154.
Schoorl, J. J. 1990. Fertility Adaptation of Turkish and Moroccan Women in the Netherlands, International Migration 28: 477–495.
Schoorl, J. J. 1995. Fertility trends of immigrant populations, in S. Voets, J. Schoorl, and B. de Bruijn (Eds.), The demographic consequences of international migration. proceedings of the symposium, NIAS, Wassenaar, 27–29 September 1990. The Hague: NIDI, pp. 97–121.
Schwarz, K. 1980. Demographische Charakteristika der Türken in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 6(3+4): 411–420.
Schwarz, K. 1996. Die Kinderzahl der Ausländer und ihre Bedeutung für die Bevölkerungsentwicklung in den alten Bundesländern, Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 21(1): 57–67.
Seifert, W. 1997. Occupational and Economic Mobility and Social Integration of Mediterranean Migrants in Germany, European Journal of Population 13: 1–16.
Seifert, W. 2000. Intergenerationale Bildungs- und Erwerbsmobilität, in Sachverständigenkommission 6. Familienbericht (Hg.), Familien ausländischer Herkunft in Deutschland: Empirische Beiträge zur Familienentwicklung und Akkulturation. Materialien zum 6. Familienbericht. Bd. 1. Opladen: Leske+Budrich, pp. 49–85.
Shorter, F. C., and M. Macura. 1982. Trends in Fertility and Mortality in Turkey, 1935–1975. Committee on Population and Demography Report No. 8. Washington, DC: Committee on Population and Demography.
Siegel, B. J. 1970. Defensive Structuring and Environmental Stress, The American Journal of Sociology 76(1): 11–32.
Singley, S. G., and N. S. Landale. 1998. Incorporating Origin and Process in Migration-Fertility Frameworks: The Case of Puerto Rican Women, Social Forces 76(4): 1437–1464.
Sly, D. F. 1970. Minority-Group Status and Fertility: An Extension of Goldscheider and Uhlenberg, The American Journal of Sociology 76(3) 443–459.
Sobotka, T. 2008. Overview Chapter 7: The rising importance of migrants for childbearing in Europe, Demographic Research 19(9): 225–248. www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol19/9/.
State Institute of Statistics. 1996. The Population of Turkey, 1923–1994. Demographic Structure and Development. With Projections to the Mid-21st Century. 2nd ed. Ankara: SIS, Prime Ministry of Republic of Turkey.
Stephen, E. H., and F. D. Bean. 1992. Assimilation, Disruption and the Fertility of Mexican-Origin Women in the United States, International Migration Review 26(1): 67–88.
Straßburger, G. 2003. Heiratsverhalten und Partnerwahl im Einwanderungskontext. Eheschließungen der zweiten Migrantengeneration türkischer Herkunft. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag [Doctoral Thesis].
Strohmeier, K. P. 1989. ‘Movers’ and ‘Stayers’. Räumliche Mobilität und Familienentwicklung, in A. Herlth und K. P. Strohmeier (Hgs.), Lebenslauf und Familienentwicklung. Mikroanalysen des Wandels familialer Lebensformen. Opladen: Leske+Budrich, pp. 165–187.
Sunar, D., and G. O. Fisek. 2005. Contemporary Turkish Families, in J. L. Roopnarine and U. P. Gielen (Eds.), Families in Global Perspective. Boston (et al.): Pearson, pp. 169–183.
Symeonidou, H. 1999. Expected and Actual Family Size in Greece. Life-cycle Events. A Follow-up Study: 1983–1997. European Population Conference, The Hague, 30 August–3 September 1999. The Hague: EAPS.
Szoltysek, M. 2008. Rethinking Eastern Europe: household-formation patterns in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and European family systems, Continuity and Change 23(3): 389–427.
Thränhardt, D. 1999. Integrationsprozesse in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland – Institutionelle und soziale Rahmenbedingungen, in Forschungsinstitut der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Abteilung Arbeit und Sozialpolitik (Hg.), Integration und Integrationsförderung in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft. Gesprächskreis Arbeit und Soziales Nr. 91. Bonn: FES, pp. 13–46.
Toros, A. 1994. Fertility, in Ministry of Health, Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, and Macro International Inc. (Eds.), Turkish Demographic and Health Survey 1993. Ankara: HUIPS, pp. 23–32.
Toulemon, L. 2004. La fécondité des immigrées: nouvelles données, nouvelle approche, Population & Sociétés 400: 1–4.
Toulemon, L., and M. Mazuy. 2004. Comment prendre en compte l’âge à l’arrivée et le durée de séjour en France dans la mesure de la fécondité des immigrants?, Documents de travail 120. Paris: INED.
Umezaki, M., and R. Ohtsuka. 1998. Impact of Rural-Urban Migration on Fertility: A Population Ecology Analysis in the Kombio, Papua New Guinea, Journal of Biosocial Science 30: 411–422.
Van de Kaa, D. J. 2001. Postmodern fertility preferences: from changing value orientation to new behavior, in R. A. Bulatao and J. B. Casterline (Eds.), Global fertility transition. Population and Development Review 27, Suppl.: 290–331.
Van Heek, F. 1956. Roman-Catholicism and Fertility in the Netherlands: Demographic Aspects of Minority Status, Population Studies 10(2): 125–138.
Vaskovics, L. A. 1987. Geburtenentwicklung, Fruchtbarkeit und demographische Entwicklung bei Gastarbeitern, in H. Reimann und H. Reimann (Hgs.), Gastarbeiter. 2. Aufl. Opladen: Leske+Budrich, pp. 222–242.
Vetter, S. 2001. Partnerwahl und Nationalität. Heiratsbeziehungen zwischen Ausländern in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, in T. Klein (Hg.), Partnerwahl und Heiratsmuster. Sozialstrukturelle Voraussetzungen der Liebe. Opladen: Leske+Budrich, pp. 207–231.
Viazzo, P. P. 2003. What’s so special about the Mediterranean? Thirty years of research on household and family in Italy, Continuity and Change 18(1): 111–137.
Von Below, S. 2003. Schulische Bildung, berufliche Ausbildung und Erwerbstätigkeit junger Migranten. Ergebnisse des Integrationssurveys des BiB. Materialien zur Bevölkerungswissenschaft 105b. Wiesbaden: BiB.
Von Delhaes-Günther, D. 1977. Emigrazione e comportamento procreativo: Inchiesta tra gli Italiani del Nord-Reno Westfalia, Studi Emigrazione 14: 282–290.
Wagner, M. 1990. Education and migration, in K. U. Mayer and N. B. Tuma (Eds.), Event History Analysis in Life Course Research. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 129–145.
Ware, H. 1975. Immigrant Fertility: Behaviour and Attitudes, International Migration Review 9(3): 361–378.
Weidacher, A. 2000. Lebensformen, Partnerschaft und Familiengründung. Griechische, italienische, türkische und deutsche junge Erwachsene, in Sachverständigenkommission 6. Familienbericht (Hg.), Familien ausländischer Herkunft in Deutschland: Empirische Beiträge zur Familienentwicklung und Akkulturation. Materialien zum 6. Familienbericht. Bd. 1. Opladen: Leske+Budrich, pp. 193–227.
White, M. J., L. Moreno, and S. Guo. 1995. The Interrelation of Fertility and Geographic Mobility in Peru: A Hazards Model Analysis, International Migration Review 29(2): 492–514.
Yavuz, S. 2006. Completing the fertility transition. Third birth developments by language groups in Turkey, Demographic Research 15(15): 435–460. www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol15/15/.
Yavuz, S. 2008. Fertility Decline in Turkey from the 1980s Onwards: Patterns by Main Language Groups. Ankara: HUIPS [Doctoral Thesis].
Zabel, C. 2006. Employment characteristics and first birth in Great Britain and Western Germany. Rostock: Universität Rostock. www.demogr.mpg.de/publications/files/2496_1171365310_1_Full%20Text.pdf [Doctoral Thesis].
Zarate, A., and A. Unger de Zarate. 1975. On the Reconciliation of Research Findings of Migrant-Nonmigrant Fertility Differentials in Urban Areas, International Migration Review 9: 115–156.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2010). Theory and Empirical Findings in Previous Investigations. In: Fertility of Immigrants. Demographic Research Monographs. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03705-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03705-4_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-03704-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-03705-4
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)