In place of an ‘in or out’ dichotomy, a third way must be offered between European Union (EU) membership and the European Neighbourhood Policy, consisting of a diversification of the forms of cooperation and integration between the EU and its neighbouring countries. The question as to Turkey’s accession capability and the EU’s enlargement capacity affects the identity of both sides. The EU’s accession negotiations with Turkey are being accompanied by factional disputes on both sides: in Turkey, in the form of the dispute between secular Kemalist and conservative Islamic factions; in Europe, in the form of the debate about the ultimate aim of the European integration process. If the aim of a political union is to be achieved, a common identity shared by all EU citizens is essential. This can only be developed on a foundation of shared historical and cultural experiences. Turkey and the EU do not, to a sufficient degree, form an area with a common history and culture. The possible alternatives to full Turkish membership in the EU range from closer cooperation to partial integration into EU structures. The exact nature of the alternative depends to a crucial extent on Turkey’s political and economic development and its willingness to surrender sovereignty. For its part, the EU must set conditions on which the level of cooperation or integration will depend.
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Silberhorn, T. (2009). Tertium Datur: Turkey's Application for EU Membership. In: Arvanitopoulos, C. (eds) Turkey's Accession to the European Union. The Constantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy Series on European and International Affairs. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88197-1_5
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