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Acid-Sensitive Ion Channels and Receptors

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Sensory Nerves

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 194))

Abstract

Acidosis is a noxious condition associated with inflammation, ischaemia or defective acid containment. As a consequence, acid sensing has evolved as an important property of afferent neurons with unmyelinated and thinly myelinated nerve fibres. Protons evoke multiple currents in primary afferent neurons, which are carried by several acid-sensitive ion channels. Among these, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) and transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) ion channels have been most thoroughly studied. ASICs survey moderate decreases in extracellular pH, whereas TRPV1 is activated only by severe acidosis resulting in pH values below 6. Two-pore-domain K+ (K2P) channels are differentially regulated by small deviations of extra- or intracellular pH from physiological levels. Other acid-sensitive channels include TRPV4, TRPC4, TRPC5, TRPP2 (PKD2L1), ionotropic purinoceptors (P2X), inward rectifier K+ channels, voltage-activated K+ channels, L-type Ca2+ channels, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated channels, gap junction channels, and Cl− channels. In addition, acid-sensitive G protein coupled receptors have also been identified. Most of these molecular acid sensors are expressed by primary sensory neurons, although to different degrees and in various combinations. Emerging evidence indicates that many of the acid-sensitive ion channels and receptors play a role in acid sensing, acid–induced pain and acid-evoked feedback regulation of homeostatic reactions. The existence and apparent redundancy of multiple pH surveillance systems attests to the concept that acid–base regulation is a vital issue for cell and tissue homeostasis. Since upregulation and overactivity of acid sensors appear to contribute to various forms of chronic pain, acid-sensitive ion channels and receptors are considered as targets for novel analgesic drugs. This approach will only be successful if the pathological implications of acid sensors can be differentiated pharmacologically from their physiological function.

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Acknowledgements

Work performed in the author's laboratory was supported by the Zukunftsfonds Steiermark (grant 262), the Austrian Scientific Research Funds (FWF grant L25-B05), the Jubilee Foundation of the Austrian National Bank (grant 9858) and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research. Evelin Painsipp is acknowledged for drawing Fig. 2.

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  1. Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria

    Peter Holzer

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Correspondence to Peter Holzer .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Hopkins Bayview Circle 5501, Baltimore, 21224, U.S.A.

    Brendan J. Canning

  2. School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom

    Domenico Spina

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© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Holzer, P. (2009). Acid-Sensitive Ion Channels and Receptors. In: Canning, B., Spina, D. (eds) Sensory Nerves. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 194. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79090-7_9

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