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Single-Crystal Scintillation Materials

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Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Scintillation materials are employed to detect x-ray and γ-ray photons or accelerated particles. Wide-bandgap semiconductor or insulator materials with a high degree of structural perfection are suitable for this purpose. They must accomplish fast and efficient transformation of incoming high-energy photon/particles to a number of electron–hole pairs collected in the conduction and valence bands, respectively, and their radiative recombination at suitable luminescence centers in the material. Generated ultraviolet (UV) or visible light can then be detected at high sensitivity by conventional solid-state semiconductor- or photomultiplier-based photodetectors, which are an indispensable part of scintillation detectors.

An insight into this field will be provided for a wider scientific audience and at the same time we will point out some current hot topics. After reviewing the historical issues and fundamental physical processes of the x(γ)-to-visible light transformation occurring in scintillators, practically important material parameters, characteristics, and related measurement principles will be summarized. An overview of selected modern single-crystal and optical ceramic materials will be given. Particular attention will be paid to the relation between the manufacturing technology used and the occurrence of material defects and imperfections. The study and understanding of related trapping states in the forbidden gap and their role in the energy transfer and storage processes in the material will be shown to be of paramount importance for material optimization. Correlated experiments of time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy, wavelength-resolved thermally stimulated luminescence, and electron paramagnetic resonance offer a powerful tool for this purpose. Future prospects and directions for activity in the field will be briefly mentioned as well.

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Abbreviations

2-D:

two-dimensional

AP:

atmospheric pressure

CCD:

charge-coupled device

CT:

computer tomography

ENDOR:

electron nuclear double resonance

EPR:

electron paramagnetic resonance

ESR:

electron spin resonance

GSO:

Gd2SiO5

HE:

high energy

LPE:

liquid-phase epitaxy

LPS:

Lu2Si2O7

LSO:

Lu2SiO5

LY:

light yield

MCD:

magnetic circular dichroism

ODMR:

optically detected magnetic resonance

PET:

positron emission tomography

PWO:

PbWO4

RE:

rare earth

RE:

reference electrode

RF:

radiofrequency

RT:

room temperature

SEM:

scanning electron microscope

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

STE:

self-trapped exciton

TSC:

thermally stimulated conductivity

TSL:

thermally stimulated luminescence

UV:

ultraviolet

VB:

valence band

VB:

vertical Bridgman

VUV:

vacuum ultraviolet

YAG:

yttrium aluminum garnet

YAP:

yttrium aluminum perovskite

YPS:

(Y2)Si2O7

YSO:

Y2SiO5

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Optical Crystals, Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Cukrovarnicka 10, 162 53, Prague, Czech Republic

    Martin Nikl

  2. Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, 20125, Milano, Italy

    Anna Vedda

  3. Department of Optical Materials, Institute of Physics of the ASCR, Cukrovarnicka 10, 162 53, Prague, Czech Republic

    Valentin V. Laguta

Authors
  1. Martin Nikl
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  2. Anna Vedda
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  3. Valentin V. Laguta
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Martin Nikl , Anna Vedda or Valentin V. Laguta .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Renewable Energy Company, 18 Celina Avenue, 03063, Nashua, NH, USA

    Govindhan Dhanaraj Dr.

  2. Department of Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, 570 006, Mysore, India

    Kullaiah Byrappa Ph.D.

  3. University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, 76203-5017, Denton, TX, USA

    Vishwanath Prasad Dr.

  4. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, 11794-2275, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    Michael Dudley Dr.

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Nikl, M., Vedda, A., Laguta, V.V. (2010). Single-Crystal Scintillation Materials. In: Dhanaraj, G., Byrappa, K., Prasad, V., Dudley, M. (eds) Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74761-1_50

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