Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) constitute a class of compounds that are known to exhibit mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. As a result, PAHs are frequently measured in environmental compartments such as the atmosphere, freshwater and marine surface waters and sediments, and in biological tissues and terrestrial matrices such as oyster tissue, soils, and vegetation. Measurements often require difficult analytical chemistry schemes because environmental PAHs typically lack distinct functional groups and exist with numerous structural isomers. Therefore, analytical methods must offer isolation, separation, and detection capabilities for compounds that exist as multi-component mixtures. The Analytical Chemistry Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been involved in the development and use of liquid and gas chromatography (LC and GC, respectively) methods for the determination of PAHs since the early 1970s as part of the development of standard reference materials (SRMs) for the measurement of PAHs in environmental samples. In this chapter, recent NIST experiences in the use of LC and GC methods for the determination of PAHs in environmental samples are presented. Specifically, LC and GC techniques are discussed including a review on the selection of an appropriate LC column for the separation of PAHs, approaches for the determination of PAHs in environmental samples by LC techniques (selective detection using fluorescence spectroscopy and isomer fractionation techniques), and conventional and novel GC techniques (PAH separations using phenylmethylpolysiloxane and liquid crystalline stationary phases, respectively). Case studies are presented for the determination of PAHs in a diesel particulate extract and two marine sediment standard references materials. The results of LC and GC measurements of PAHs are discussed, and the applicability of the various approaches are compared. In addition, coupled LC-GC and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) are examined as alternative approaches for the measurement of PAHs in environmental samples.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amos R (1981) Evaluation of bonded phases for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in effluent waters. J Chromatogr 204: 469
Andersson JT, Weis U (1994) Gas chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds with fluorinated analogues as internal standards. J Chromatogr 659: 151
Auer W, Malissa H Jr (1990) Determination of trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Anal Chim Acta 237: 451
Bartle KD, Lee ML, Wise SA (1981) Modern analytical methods for environmental poly-cyclic aromatic compounds. Chem Soc Rev 10: 113
Bartle KD, Lee ML, Wise SA (1981) Factors affecting the retention of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in gas chromatography. Chromatographia 14: 69
Baschke D, Jendziezyck M, Youngs D, Henry M (1989) The design of an octadecyl widepore bonded phase for PAH analysis by HPLC. Presented at the 12th International Symposium of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, September 19–21, Gaithersburg, Md
Bemgârd A, Colmsjö A, Lundmark BO (1992) Gas-chromatographic analysis of highmolecular-weight polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. I. Molecular weight 328. J Chromatogr 595: 247
Bemgârd A, Colmsjö A, Lundmark BO (1993) Gas-chromatographic analysis of highmolecular-mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. II. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with relative molecular masses exceeding 328. J Chromatogr 630: 287
Bemgârd A, Lundmark BO, Colmsjö A (1993) Gas chromatographic analysis of PAHs with molecular weights exceeding 300 dalton. In: Garrigues P, Lamotte M (eds) Polycyclic aromatic compounds: synthesis, properties, analytical measurements, occurrence and biological effects. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Yverdon, Switzerland, p 603
Berendsen GE, de Galan L (1980) Role of the chain length of chemically bonded phases and the retention mechanism in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 196: 21
Berset JD, Holzer R (1994) Separation of important PCBs and PAHs on a prototype smectic liquid-crystalline polysiloxane stationary phase capillary column. Chemosphere 28: 2087
Biggs WR, Fetzer IC (1996) Analytical techniques for large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review. Trends Anal Chem 15: 196
Bjt rseth A (ed) (1983) Handbook of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Marcel Dekker, New York
Bjeirseth A, Ramdahl T (eds) (1985) Handbook for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, vol II. Marcel Dekker, New York
Bradshaw JS, Schregenberger C, Chang KHC, Markides KE, Lee ML (1986) Synthesis and chromatographic properties of polysiloxane stationary phases containing biphenylcarboxylate ester liquid-crystalline side groups. J Chromatogr 358: 95
Brindle ID, Li XF (1990) Investigation into the factors affecting performance in the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with splitless injection. J Chromatogr 498: 11
Brown JM, Wise SA, May WE (1980) Determination of benzo[a]pyrene in recycled oils by a sequential HPLC method. J Environ Sci Health A15: 613
Budzinski H, Garrigues P, Connan J, Bellocq J (1993) Chromatographic fractionation of aromatic compounds from ancient and recent sediments for access to alkylated PAH by GC-FID and GC-MS. Quim Anal 12: 69
Budzinski H, Hermange Y, Pierard C, Garrigues P, Bellocq J (1992) Structural characterization of environmentally important compounds by gas chromatography-Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (GC-FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS ). Analusis 20: 155
Budzinski H, Radke M, Garrigues P, Wise SA, Bellocq J, Willsch H (1992) Gas chromatographic retention behaviour of alkylated phenanthrenes on a smectic liquid crystalline phase. Application to organic geochemistry. J Chromatogr 627: 227
Chang C, Markides KE, Bradshaw J, Lee ML (1988) Selectivity enhancement for petroleum hydrocarbons using a smectic liquid crystalline stationary phase in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 26: 280
Cole SR, Dorsey JG (1994) Mobile phase additives for selectivity enhancement in reversed phase liquid chromatography. Presented at the 45th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, February 28-March 4, Chicago, Ill
Colmsjö A, MacDonald JC (1980) Column-induced selectivity in separation of poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 13: 350
Colmsjö AL, Bemgârd AK (1993) Dual detection (PID-FID) in gas chromatography for the identification of PAH. In: Garrigues P, Lamotte M (eds) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: synthesis, properties, analytical measurements, occurrence, and biological effects. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Yverdon, Switzerland, p 313
Cortes HJ, Dfeiffer C, Jewett G, Richter BE (1989) Direct introduction of aqueous eluents for on-line coupled liquid chromatography-capillary gas chromatography. J Microcol Sep 1: 28
DeVeaux RD, Szelewski M (1989) Optimizing automatic splitless injection parameters for gas chromatographic environmental-analysis. J Chromatogr Sci 27: 513
Escriva C, Viana E, Molto JC, Pico Y, Manes J (1994) Comparison of four methods for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates. J Chromatogr 676: 375
Fetzer JC (1989) Gas-and liquid-chromatographic techniques. In: Vo-Dinh T (ed) Chemical analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. John Wiley, New York, p 59
Francis ES, Lee ML, Richter BE (1994) Modifier addition in microcolumn supercritical fluid chromatography with a high pressure pulsed valve. J Microcol Sep 6: 449
Futoma DJ, Smith SR, Smith TE, Tanka J (1981) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla
Glinka CJ, Sander LC, Wise SA, Berk NF (1990) Characterization of chemically modified pore surfaces by small angle neutron scattering. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 166: 415
Grimmer G, Misfed J (1983) Environmental carcinogens: a risk for man? Concept and strategy of the identification of carcinogens in the environment. In: Grimmer G (ed) Environmental carcinogens: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, p 1
Grob K (1991) LC for sample preparation in coupled LC-GC: a review. Chimia 45: 109
Grob K, Grob G (1975) Glass capillary gas chromatography in water analysis: how to initiate use of the method. In: Keith LH (ed) Identification and analysis of organic pollutants in water. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Mich, p 75
Grob K, Grob G (1969) Splitless injection on capillary columns. Part I. The basic technique, steroid analysis as an example. J Chromatogr Sci 7: 584
Grob K, Grob K Jr Isothermal analysis on capillary columns without stream splitting. Role of the solvent. J Chromatogr 94: 53
Guan Z, Xia F, Fu R (1988) Preparation of liquid crystal glass capillary columns deactivated with polyesters. Sepu 6: 156
Hahne F, Kraus G, Zaschke H (1990) Blended liquid crystalline stationary phases in capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 520: 85
Heaton DM, Bartle KD, Clifford AA, Myers P, King BW (1994) Rapid separation of poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography. Chromatographia 39: 607
Hemetsberger H, Maasfeld W, Ricken H (1976) The effect of chain length of bonded phases in reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 9: 303
Henry M (1991) Design requirements of silica-based matrices for biopolymer chromatography. J Chromatogr 544: 413
Herod AA, et al. (1997) Aza-and thiaarenes. In: this book
Janini GM, Johnston K, Zielinski WL (1975) Use of a nematic liquid crystal for gas-liquid chromatographic separation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Anal Chem 47: 670
Janini GM, Muschik GM, Schroer JA, Zielinski WL (1976) Gas-liquid chromatographic evaluation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric application of new high temperature liquid crystal stationary phases for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon separations. Anal Chem 48: 1879
Janssen F (1983) Glass capillary column with nematogenic liquid crystals as stationary phases for separating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chromatographia 17: 477
Jones K (1997) Sources of PAHs in the environment. In: this book
Karcher W (ed) (1988) Spectral atlas of polycyclic aromatic compounds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Karcher W, Devillers J, Garrigues P, Jacob J (eds) (1991) Spectral atlas of polycyclic aromatic compounds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Karcher W, Fordham RJ, Dubois JJ, Glaude PG, Ligthart JA (eds) (1985) Spectral atlas of polycyclic aromatic compounds. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Katz ED, Ogan KL (1980) Selectivity factors for several PAH pairs on C18 bonded phase columns. J Liq Chromatogr 3: 1151
Kelker H (1963) Kristallin-flüssige schmelzen als stationäre phasen in der gas-flüssigkeits-verteilungschromatographie. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 198: 254
Kline WF, Wise SA, May WE (1985) The application of perdeuterated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAH) as internal standards for the liquid chromatographic determination of PAH in a petroleum crude oil and other complex mixtures. J Liq Chromatogr 8: 223
Konash PL, Wise SA, May WE (1981) Selective quenchofluorometric detection of fluoranthenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Liq Chromatogr 4: 1339
Kong RC, Lee ML, Tominaga Y, Pratap R, Iwao M, Castle RN (1982) Mesogenic polysiloxane stationary phase for high-resolution gas chromatography of isomeric polycyclic aromatic compounds. Anal Chem 54: 1802
Kot A, Sandra P, David F (1994) Selectivity tuning in packed column SFC. Separation of the sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as an example. J High Resolut Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun 17: 277
Kraus A, Schumann U, Kraus G, Kohne B, Praefcke K (1992) Investigation of a scyllitolderived (saturated) disc-shaped liquid-crystal stationary phase in capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 609: 277
Kreiger MS, Hites RA (1994) Measurement of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air with a diffusion denuder. Environ Sci Technol 28: 1129
Krestov AG, Blokhina SV, Olkhovich MV (1992) Liquid-crystalline p-n-alkanoiloxy-n’ -nitroazoxybenzenes as stationary phases in gas chromatography. Zh Anal Khim 47. 1864
Lamparczyk H (1985) Separation of twelve monomethylbenz[a)anthracenes on liquid crystal and isotropic stationary phases in relation to the shape of their molecules. J High Resolut Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun 8: 90
Lao RC, Thomas RS, Oja H, Dubois L (1973) Application of a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-data processor combination to the analysis of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of airborne pollutants. Anal Chem 50: 1508
Lee HK (1995) Recent applications of gas and high-performance liquid-chromatographic techniques to the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates. J Chromatogr 710: 79
Lee ML, Goates SR, Markides KE, Wise SA (1986) Frontiers in analytical techniques for polycyclic aromatic compounds. In: Cooke M, Dennis AJ (eds) Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: chemistry, characterization, and carcinogenesis. Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, p 13
Lee ML, Novotny M, Bartle KD (1981) Analytical chemistry of polycyclic aromatic compounds. Academic Press, New York
Lesellier E, Tchapla A, Krstulovic AM (1993) Use of carotenoids in the characterization of octadecylsilane bonded columns and mechanism of retention of carotenoids on monomeric and polymeric stationary phases. J Chromatogr 645: 29
Levsen K (1988) Analysis of diesel particulate. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 331: 467
Lochmüller CH, Wilder DR (1979) The sorption behavior of alkyl bonded phases in reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 17: 574
Majors RE (1980) Multi-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 18: 571
Markides KE, Chang HC, Schregenberger CM, Tarbet BJ, Bradshaw JS, Lee ML (1985) Evaluation of smectic biphenylcarboxylate ester liquid-crystalline polysiloxane stationary phases for capillary-column gas chromatography. J High Resolut Chromatogr 8: 516
Markides KE, Nishioka M, Tarbet BJ, Bradshaw JS, Lee ML (1985) Smectic biphenylcarboxylate ester liquid crystalline polysiloxane stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography. Anal Chem 57: 1296
Markides KE, Tarbet BJ, Woolley CL, Schregenberger CM, Bradshaw JS, Lee ML (1985) Deactivation of fused silica capillary columns with phenylhydrosiloxanes. J High Resolut Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun 8: 378
Matysik G, Soczewinski E (1983) Pre-concentration thin-layer chromatography of polyaromatic hydrocarbons on octadecyl silica. Chem Anal 28: 521
May WE, Brown-Thomas J, Hilpert LR, Wise SA (1981) The certification of selected polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in Standard Reference Material 1580, “Organics in Shale Oil”. In: Cooke M, Dennis AJ (eds) Chemical analysis and biological fate: polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, p 1
May WE, Chesler SN, Hertz HS, Hilpert LR, Rebbert RE, Vogt CR, Wise SA (1984) Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air particulate extracts by liquid gas chromatographic methods. In: Keith LH (ed) Identification and analysis of organic pollutants in air. Butterworth, Boston, Mass, p 197
May WE, Chesler SN, Hertz HS, Wise SA (1982) Analytical standards and methods for the determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples. Int J Environ Anal Chem 12: 259
May WE, Wise SA (1984) Liquid chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air particulate extracts. Anal Chem 56: 225
Mazur J, Witkiewicz Z, Dabrowski R (1988) Isothiocyanate as a liquid crystalline stationary phase in capillary gas chromatography for the separation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr 455: 323
McVeety BD, Hites RA (1988) Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to water surfaces: a mass balance approach. Atmos Environ 22: 511
Mille G, Guiliano M, Giral P, Doumenq P (1992) Applications of GC-FTIR interface to environmental analysis. Spectra 2000 [Deux Mille] 165: 47
Moser H, Arm H (1984) Separation of 3 to 6-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by capillary gas chromatography with a liquid crystal as stationary phase. J High Resolut Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun 7: 637
Naikwadi KP, McGovern AM, Karasek FW (1987) Prospectives of polymeric liquid-crystal stationary phases for capillary-column gas-chromatographic separations [of priority pollutants]. Can J Chem 65: 970
Neilson AH, Hynning PA (1997) PAHs derived from steroids and terpenes. In: this book
Novotny M (1978) Contemporary capillary gas chromatography. Anal Chem 50:16 A
Ogan KL, Katz ED (1980) Retention characteristics of several bonded phase liquid chromatography columns for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr 188: 115
Östman C, Bemgârd A, Colmsjö A (1992) Online liquid chromatography-gas chromatography for automated cleanup and analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J High Resolut Chromatogr 15: 437
Östman C, Carlsson H, Bemgârd A, Colmsjö A (1993) On-line LC-GC for the analysis of PAH in small sample volumes. In: Garrigues P, Lamotte M (eds) Polycyclic aromatic compounds: synthesis, properties, analytical measurements, occurrence and biological effects. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Yverdon, Switzerland, p 485
Peltonen K, Kuljukka T (1995) Air sampling and analysis of polycyclic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr 710: 93
Peschke L, Haegel FH (1995) Improved analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions by gas chromatography. Fresenius J Anal Chem 351: 622
Poster DL, Baker JE (1996) The influence of sub-micron atmospheric particles on the atmospheric behavior of organic contaminants. I. Concentrations and distributions of organic contaminants in rainwater. Environ Sci Technol 30: 341
Poster DL, Hoff RM, Baker JE (1995) Measurement of the particle-size distributions of semivolatile organic contaminants in the atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 29: 1990
Qin Y, Shao L, Sun K, Li G, Shen Y (1989) Study on polysiloxane liquid crystals as stationary phase for glass-capillary gas chromatography. Sepu 7: 325
Radecki A, Lamparczyk H, Kaliszan R (1979) A relationship between the retention indices on nematic and isotropic phases and the shape of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chromatographia 12: 595
Ramdahl T (1983) Polycyclic aromatic ketones in environmental samples. Environ Sci Technol 17: 666
Riekkola ML (1989) Applications of on-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 473: 315
Robson MM, Raynor MW, Bartle KD, Clifford AA (1995) Modifier addition in micro-column supercritical-fluid chromatography. J Microcol Sep 7: 375
Rokushika S, Naikwadi KP, Jadhav AL, Hatano H (1985) Liquid crystal stationary phases for gas chromatography and supercritical-fluid chromatography. J High Resolut Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun 8: 480
Sander LC (1988) Evaluation of column performance in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 26: 380
Sander LC, Glinka CJ, Wise SA (1990) Determination of bonded phase thickness in liquid chromatography by small angle neutron scattering. Anal Chem 62: 1099
Sander LC, Schneider M, Woolley C, Wise SA (1994) Shape selectivity assessment of stationary phases in gas chromatography. J Microcol Sep 6: 115
Sander LC, Wise SA (1984) Synthesis and characterization of polymeric C18 stationary phases for liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 56: 504
Sander LC, Wise SA (1986) Investigations of selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Giddings JC, Grushka E, Cazes J, Brown PR (eds) Advances in chromatography. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 139
Sander LC, Wise SA (1987) Effect of phase length on column selectivity for the separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 59: 2309
Sander LC, Wise SA (1987) Recent advances in bonded phases for liquid chromatography. CRC Crit Rev Anal Chem 18: 299
Sander LC, Wise SA (1988) Determination of column selectivity toward polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J High Resolut Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun 11: 383
Sander LC, Wise SA (1989) Subambient temperature modification of selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 61: 1749
Sander LC, Wise SA (1990) Evaluation of shape selectivity in liquid chromatography. LC GC 8: 378
Sander LC, Wise SA (1993) Shape selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography for the separation of planar and non-planar solutes. J Chromatogr 656: 335
Sander LC, Wise SA (1994) Retention and selectivity for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. In: Smith RM (ed) Retention and selectivity studies in HPLC. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 337
Sander LC, Wise SA (in press) Retention mechanisms of reversed phase liquid chromatography. In: Tanaka N, Unger KK (eds) Stationary phases for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Saura-Calizto F, Raso-Garcia A (1984) Analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons. Prediction of gas chromatographic retention indices on different stationary phases and temperatures. Int J Environ Anal Chem 17: 279
Schantz MM, Benner BA Jr, Chesler SN, Koster BJ, Hehn KE, Stone SF, Kelly WR, Zeisler R, Wise SA (1990) Preparation and analysis of a marine sediment reference material for the determination of trace organic constituents. Fresenius J Anal Chem 338: 501
Schiller SB, Eberhardt KR (1991) Combining data from independent chemical analysis methods. Spectrochim Acta 46B: 1607
Schmit JA, Henry RA, Williams RC, Dieckman JF (1971) Applications of high speed reversed phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 9: 645
Sentell KB, Barnes KW, Dorsey JG (1988) Ultrasound driven synthesis of reversed-phase stationary phases for liquid chromatography using 4-dimethylaminopyridine as acid-acceptor. J Chromatogr 455: 95
Sentell KB, Dorsey JG (1989) Retention mechanisms in reversed-phase chromatography. Stationary phase bonding density and solute selectivity. J Chromatogr 461: 193
Separations Group (1995) New NIST derived quality control test enhances C18 carbon load reproducibility. Pamphlet 1-PP, Vydac, Hesperia, Calif
Sim PG, Quilliam MA, Pleasance S, Anacleto J, Perreault H, Ramaley L (1993) Application of multidimensional chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques to the analysis of complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC). In: Garrigues P, Lamotte M (eds) Polycyclic aromatic compounds: synthesis, properties, analytical measurements, occurrence and biological effects. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Yverdon, Switzerland, p 321
Simonich SL, Hites RA (1994) Importance of vegetation in removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the atmosphere. Nature 370: 49
Simonich SL, Hites RA (1995) Organic pollutant accumulation in vegetation. Environ Sci Technol 29: 2905
Simpson DC, Cullen WR, Quinlan KB, Reimer KJ (1995) Methodology for the determination of priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments. Chemosphere 31: 4143
Spacek P, Kubin M, Vozka S, Porsch B (1980) Influence of the amount of bonded non-polar phase and of the length of attached alkyl chains on retention characteristics of silica based sorbents for reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. J Liq Chromatogr 3: 1465
Spitzer T, Kuwatsuka S (1993) Residue levels of polynuclear aromatic compounds in urban surface soil from Japan. J Chromatogr 643: 305
Strand JW, Andren AW (1978) Synthesis of N,N’-bis(p-butoxybenzylidene-, `- bi-ptoluidine and N,N’-bis(p-phenylbenzylidene)-, ’- bi-p-toluidine and their comparison with Dexsil 300 for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon separations. Anal Chem 50: 1508
Suzuki Y, Imai S (1985) Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air-borne particulates. Analyst 110: 907
Szabo K, Le Ha N, Schneider P, Zeltner P, Kovats E (1984) Monofunctional (dimethylamino)silane as silylating agent. Helv Chim Acta 67: 2128
Tanaka N, Sakagami K, Araki M (1980) Effect of alkyl chain length of stationary phase on retention and selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 199: 327
Tong D, Bartle KD, Clifford AA (1994) Preparation and evaluation of supercritical carbon dioxide-packed capillary columns for HPLC and SFC. J Microcol Sep 6: 249
Trevelin WR, Vidal LH, Landgraf MD, Silva ICE, Rezende MOO (1992) Optimization of parameters for the gas-chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Anal Chim Acta 268: 67
Trisciani A, Andreolini F (1990) Evaluation of micro [column] HPLC system dedicated to packed capillary column liquid chromatography. J High Resolut Chromatogr 13: 270
U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (1982) EPA Test Method, Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons - Method 610. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio
Vigdergauz MS, Belyaev NF, Esin MS (1989) Gas-liquid-crystal chromatography. Fresenius J Anal Chem 335: 70
Williams KL, Sander LC, Page SH, Wise SA (1995) Selectivity trends in packed column supercritical fluid chromatography with C18 stationary phases. J High Resolut Chromatogr 18: 477
Wise SA (1983) High-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Bjorseth A (ed) Handbook for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 183
Wise SA (1985) Recent progress in the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by high-performance liquid chromatography. In: Bjorseth A, Ramdahl T (eds) Handbook for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, vol II. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 113
Wise SA, Benner BA Jr, Byrd GD, Chesler SN, Rebbert RE, Schantz MM (1988) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coal tar standard reference material. Anal Chem 60: 887
Wise SA, Benner BA Jr, Chesler SN, Hilpert LR, Vogt CR, May WE (1986) Characterization of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from two standard reference material air particulate samples. Anal Chem 58: 3067
Wise SA, Benner BA Jr, Christensen RG, Koster BJ, Kurz J, Schantz MM, Zeisler R (1991) Preparation and analysis of a frozen mussel tissue reference material for the determination of trace organic constituents. Environ Sci Technol 25: 1695
Wise SA, Benner BA Jr, Liu H, Byrd GD, Colmsjö A (1988) Separation and identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon isomers of molecular weight 302 in complex mixtures. Anal Chem 60: 630
Wise SA, Bonnett WJ, Guenther FR, May WE (1980) Normal and reverse-phase liquid chromatographic separations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Bjerseth A, Dennis AJ (eds) Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: chemistry and biological effects. Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, p 791
Wise SA, Bonnett WJ, Guenther FR, May WE (1981) A relationship between reversed phase C18 liquid chromatographic retention and the shape of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr Sci 19: 457
Wise SA, Chesler SN, Hertz HS, Hilpert LR, May WE (1977) Chemically-bonded aminosilane stationary phase for the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of polynuclear aromatic compounds. Anal Chem 49: 2306
Wise SA, Chesler SN, Hertz HS, Hilpert LR, May WE (1978) Methods for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon analysis in the marine environment. Carcinog Compr Sury 3: 175
Wise SA, Chesler SN, Hilpert LR, May WE, Rebbert RE, Vogt CR (1985) Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures from air particulate samples using liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. In: Cooke M, Dennis AJ (eds) Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, p 1413
Wise SA, Deissler A, Sander LC (1993) Liquid chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon isomers of molecular weight 278 and 302 in environmental standard reference materials. J Polycycl Arom Comp 3: 169
Wise SA, Hilpert LR, Byrd GD, May WE (1990) Comparison of liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples. J Polycycl Arom Comp 1: 81
Wise SA, Hilpert LR, Rebbert RE, Sander LC, Schantz MM, Chesler SN, May WE (1989) Standard reference materials for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 332: 573
Wise SA, Sander LC (1985) Factors affecting the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon isomers. J High Resolut Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun 8: 248
Wise SA, Sander LC, Chang H, Markides KE, Lee ML (1988) Shape selectivity in liquid and gas chromatography: polymeric octadecylsilane C18 and liquid crystalline stationary phases. Chromatographia 25: 473
Wise SA, Sander LC, Lapouyade R, Garrigues P (1990) The anomalous behavior of selected methyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 514: 111
Wise SA, Sander LC, May WE (1983) Modification of selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using mixed stationary phases. J Liq Chromatogr 6: 2709
Wise SA, Sander LC, May WE (1986) Investigations of selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography on chemically bonded C18 phases. In: Leyden DE (ed) Silanes surfaces and interfaces. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, p 349
Wise SA, Sander LC, May WE (1993) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 642: 329
Wise SA, Schantz MM, Benner BA Jr, Hays MJ, Schiller SB (1995) Certification of poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a marine sediment standard reference material. Anal Chem 67: 1171
Wise SA, Schantz MM, Hays MJ, Koster BJ, Sharpless KE, Sander LC, Schiller SB (in press) Certification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mussel tissue standard reference materials (SRMs). J Polycycl Arom Comp
Witkiewicz Z, Mazure J (1990) Liquid-crystal stationary phases in capillary [GC] columns. LC GC 8: 224
Witkiewicz Z, Rudnicka I (1988) Polymeric liquid-crystalline stationary phases. Chem Anal 33: 457
Zhang Y, Fu R, Zhu H (1987) New type of chromatographic stationary phase: side-chain polymeric liquid crystals. Huaxue Shiji 9: 288
Zielinski WL, Janini GM (1979) Ultility of high-temperature thermotropic liquid crystals as stationary phases for novel gas-liquid chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr 186: 237
Zielinski WL, Miller MM, Ulma G, Wasik SP (1986) Gas-liquid chromatography of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners between a nematic liquid crystal phase and a non-polar phase. Anal Chem 58: 2692
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Poster, D.L., Sander, L.C., Wise, S.A. (1998). Chromatographic Methods of Analysis for the Determination of PAHs in Environmental Samples. In: Neilson, A.H. (eds) PAHs and Related Compounds. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 3 / 3I. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49697-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49697-7_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08286-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-49697-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive