Skip to main content

Rainforest responses to past climatic tropical Africa

  • Chapter
Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change

Part of the book series: Springer Praxis Books ((ENVIRONSCI))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 239.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

5.6 References

  • Achoundong, G., Youta Happi, J., Guillet, B., Bonvallot, J., and Kamganag Beyla, V. (2000) Formation et evolution des recrus sur savanes. In: S. Servant-Vildary and M. Servant (eds.), Dynamique à long terme des écosystèmes forestiers intertropicaux (pp. 31–41). UNESCO, Paris [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexandre, A., Meunier, J. D., Lezine, A. M., Vincens, A., and Schwartz, D. (1997) Phytoliths: Indicators of grassland dynamics during the late Holocene in intertropical Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclirnatology, Palaeoecology 136, 213–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anupama, K., Ramesh, B. R., and Bonnefille, R. (2000) The modern pollen rain from the Biligirirangan-Melagiri hills of Southern Eastern Ghats, India. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 108, 175–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubreville, A. (1951) Le concept d’association dans la forêt dense équatoriale de la basse Côte d’Ivoire. Mémoire de la Société botanique de France 1950–51, 145–158[in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubreville, A. (1957-58) A la recherche de la forêt en Côte d’Ivoire. Bois Forêts Trop. 56, 17–32 (1957), 57, 12-27 (1958) [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubreville, A. (1967) La forêt primaire des montagnes de Belinga. Biologica Gabonica 3, 95–112 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Barboni, D. and Bonnefille, R. (2001) Precipitation signal in modern pollen rain from tropical forests, South India. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 114, 239–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barboni, D., Bonnefille, R., Prasad S., and Ramesh, B. R. (2003) Variation in modern pollen rain from tropical evergreen forests and the monsoon seasonality gradient in S W India. Journal of Vegetation Science 14, 551–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battarbee, R., Gasse, F., and Stickley, C. E. (2004) Past Climatic Variability through Europe and Africa (Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Series 6, 638 pp.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bengo, M. D. and Maley, J. (1991) Analyses des flux polliniques sur la marge sud du Golfe de Guinée depuis 135.000 ans. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série H 313, 843–849 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertaux, J., Sifeddine, A., Schwartz, D., Vincens, A., and Elenga, H. (1996) Enregistrement sédimentologique de la phase sèche d’Afrique équatoriale c. 3000 BP par la spectrométrie IR dans les lacs Sinnda et Kitina (Sud-Congo). Symposium “Dynamique à long terme des écosystèmes forestiersintertropicaux” (pp. 213–215). CNRS-ORSTOM, Bondy, France [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Almasi, P., de Menxal, P., Prime, P., Cullen, H. H., Ajolas, I., Bonani, G. et al. (1997) A persuasive millennia-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial climates. Science 278, 1257–1266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefille, R. (1971a) Atlas des pollens d’Ethiopie. Principales espèces des forêts de montagne. Pollen et spores 13/1, 15–72 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefille, R. (1971b) Atlas des pollens d’Ethiopie. Pollens actuels de la basse vallée de l’Omo, récoltes botaniques 1968. Adansonia (2) 11/3, 463–518 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefille, R. and Chalié, F. (2000) Pollen-inferred precipitation time-series from equatorial mountains, Africa, the last 40 kyrBP. Global and Planetary Change 26, 25–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefille, R. and Riollet, G. (1980) Pollens des savanes d’Afrique orientale (140 pp.). CNRS, Paris [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefille, R., Roeland, J-C., and Guiot, J. (1990) Temperature and rainfall estimates for the last 40,000 years in equatorial Africa. Nature 346, 347–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefille, R., Chalié, F., Guiot, J., and Vincens, A. (1992) Quantitative estimates of full glacial temperatures in equatorial Africa from palynological data. Climate Dynamics 6, 251–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefille, R., Buchet, G., Friis, I., Kelbessa E., and Mohammed, M. U. (1993) Modern pollen rain on an altitudinal range of forests and woodlands in South West Ethiopia. Opera Botanica 121, 71–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefille, R., Anupama, K., Barboni, D., Pascal, J. P., Prasad, S., and Sutra, J. P. (1999) Modern pollen spectra from tropical South India and Sri Lanka, altitudinal distribution. Journal of Biogeography 26, 1255–1280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. (2000) 1000 years of climate change. Science 288, 1353–1355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bremond, L., Alexandre, A., Hély, C., and Guiot, J. (2005) A phytolith index as a proxy of tree cover density in tropical areas: Calibration with Leaf Area Index along a forest savanna transect in southeastern Cameroon. Global and Planetary Change 45, 277–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caballe, G. (1986). Sur la biologic des lianes ligneuses en forêt gabonaise, Thèse Fac. Sci. Montpellier (341 pp.) [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Caratini, C., Guinet, Ph., and Maley, J. (eds.) (1974) Pollens et spores d’Afrique tropicale (Travaux Documentaires Geographic tropicale, 282 pp.). CNRS/CEGET, Bordeaux, France [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Claussen, M. (1997) Modeling bio-geophysical feedback in the African and Indian monsoon region. Climate Dynamics 13, 247–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cournac, L., Dubois, M-A., Chave, J., and Riéa, B. (2002) Fast determination of light availability and leaf area index in tropical forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, 295–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cusset, G. (1987) La flore et la végétation du Mayombe congolais. Etat des connaisances (Rapport, 46 pp.). UNESCO, Paris [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Dechamps, R., Lanfranchi, R., Le Cocq, A., and Schwartz, D. (1988a) Reconstitution d’environnements quaternaires par l’étude de macrorestes végétaux (Pays Bateke, R.P. du Congo). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 66, 33–44 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Dechamps, R., Lanfranchi, R., and Schwartz, D. (1988b). Découverte d’une flore forestière miholocène (5800 3100 yr B.P.) conservée in situ sur le littoral ponténégrin (R.P. du Congo). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences (Paris’), série II 306, 615–618 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Descoings, B. (1960) Les steppes loussékés de la zone de Gabouka (Plateau Batéké, République Congo-Brazzaville) (34 pp.). ORSTOM, Brazzaville, Congo [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Descoings, B. (1976) Notes de phyto-écologie équatoriale, 3: Les formations herbeuses de la vallée de la Nyanga (Gabon). Adamsonia (2), 15, 307–329 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupont, L. and Behling, H. (in press, on line) Land sea linkages during deglaciation: High-resolution records from the eastern Atlantic off the coast of Namibia and Angola (ODP Site 1078). Quaternary International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupont, L. and Weinelt, M. (1996) Vegetation history of the savanna corridor between the Guinean and the Congolian rain forest during the last 150,000 years. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 5, 273–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elenga, H. (1992) Végétation et climat du Congo depuis 24 000 ans B.P. Analyse palynologique de séquences sédimentaires du Pays Bateke et du littoral. Unpublished thesis, University Aix-Marseille III (238 pp.) [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Elenga, H., Vincens, A., and Schwartz, D. (1991) Présence d’é1éments forestiers montagnards sur les plateaux Batéké (Congo) au cours du Pléistocéne supérieur. Nouvelles données palynologiques. Palaeoecology of Africa 22, 239–252 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Elenga, H., Schwartz, D., and Vincens, A. (1992) Changements climatiques et action anthropique sur le littoral congolais au cours de l’Holocène. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 163, 83–90 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Elenga, H., Schwartz, D., and Vincens, A. (1994) Pollen evidence of Late Quaternary vegetation and inferred climate changes in Congo. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 109, 345–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elenga, H., Schwartz, D., Vincens, A., Bertaux J., de Namur, C., Martin, L., Wirrmann, D., and Servant, M. (1996) Diagramme pollinique holocène du lac Kitina (Congo): miise en évidence de changements paléobotaniques et paléoclimatiques dans le massif forestier du Mayombe. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série IIa, 323, 403–410 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Elenga, H., de Namur, C., Vincens A., and Roux, M. (2000a) Use of plots to define pollen vegetation relationships in densely forested ecosystems of Tropical Africa. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 112, 79–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elenga, H., de Namur, C., and Roux, M. (2000b) Etudes des relations pollen-végétation dans les formations forestières du Sud Congo (Massif de Mayombe et forêts littorales): apport de la statistique. Symposium “Dynamique à long terme des écosystèmesJbrestiers intertropicaux”, Paris, 20-22 mars 1996 (pp. 121–132) [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Elenga, H., Peyron, O., Bonnefille, R., Jolly, D., Cheddadi, R., Guiot, J., Andrieu, V., Bottema, S., Buchet, G., and de Beaulieu, J. L. (2000c) Pollen-based biome reconstruction for Southern Europe and Africa 18,000 years ago. Journal of Biogeography 27, 621–634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elenga, H., Vincens, A., Schwartz, D., Fabing, A., Bertaux J., Wirrmann, D., Martin, L., and Servant, M. (2001) Le marais estuarien de la Songolo (Sud Congo) à l’Holocène moyen et récent. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 172, 359–366 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Elenga, H., Maley J., Vincens, A., and Farrera, I. (2004) Palaeoenvironments, palaeoclimates and landscape development in Atlantic Equatorial Africa: A review of key sites covering the last 25 kyrs. In: R. W. Battarbee, F. Gasse, and C. E. Stickley (eds.), Past Climate Variability through Europe and Africa (pp. 181–198). Springer-Verlag, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evrard, C. (1968) Recherches écologiques sur le peuplement forestier des sols hydromorphes de la Cuvette centrale congolaise. Publications INEAC, sér. sci. 110, 1–285 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Flenley, J. (1979) The Equatorial Rain Forest: A Geological History (162 pp.). Butterworths, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredoux, A. and Maley, J. (2000) Le contenu pollinique de l’atmosphère dans les forêts du Sud Cameroun près de Yaoundé. Résultats préliminaires. Symposium “Dynamique à long terme des écosystèmes Jbrestiers intertropicaux”, Paris’, 20-22 mars 1996 (pp. 139–148) [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Giresse, P., Maley, J., and Kelts, K. (1991) Sedimentation and palaeoenvironment in crater lake Barombi Mbo, Cameroon during the last 25,000 years. Sedimentary Geology 71, 151–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giresse, P., Maley, J., and Brénac, P. (1994) Late Quaternary palaeoenvironments in the lake Barombi Mbo (West Cameroon) deduced from pollen and carbon isotopes of organic matter. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 107, 65–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guillet, B., Achoundong, G., Youta Happi, J., Kamgang Kabeyene Beyala, V., Bonvallot, J., Riera, B., Mariotti, A., and Schwartz, D. (2001) Agreement between floristic and soil organic carbon isotope (13C/12C, 14C) indicators of forest invasion of savannas during the last century in Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, 809–832.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. B. and Swaine, M. D. (1981) Distribution and Ecology of Vascular Plants in a Tropical Rain Forest: Forest Vegetation in Ghana (383 pp.). Junk, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley, M. M. and Clarkson, J. J. (1999) Pollen morphology of the African Burseraceae and related genera. Palaeocology of Africa, 225–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, S. and Prentice, C. I. (2003) Climate and CO2 controls on global vegetation distribution at the last glacial maximum: Analysis based on palaeovegetation data, biome modelling and palaeoclimate simulations. Global Change Biology 9, 983–1004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haug, G. H., Hughen, K. A., Sigman, D. M., Peterson, L. C., and Rôhl, U., (2001) Southward migration of the intertropical convergence throughthe Holocene. Science 293, 1304–1308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahns, S. (1996). Vegetation history and climate changes in West Equatorial Africa during the the late Pleistocene and Holocene, based on a marine pollen diagram from the Congo fan. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 5, 207–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolly, D., Bonnefille, R., Burcq, S., and Roux, M. (1996) Représentation pollinique de la forêt dense humide du Gabon, tests statistiques. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, série IIa, 322, 63–70 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolly, D., Prentice, C., Bonnefille, R., Ballouche, A., Bongo, M., Brenac, P., Buchet, G., Burney, D., Casey, J. P., and Cheddadi, R. (1998) Biome reconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossil data for Africa and the Arabian peninsula at 0 and 6000 years. Journal of Biogeography 25, 1007–1027.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koechlin, J. (1961) La végétation des savanes dans le Sud de la République du Congo (Mémoire 1,305 pp.). ORSTOM, Paris [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohfeld, K. E. and Harrison, S. P. (2000) How well can we simulate past climates? Evaluating the models using global environmental data sets. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 321–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebrun, J. P. and Gilbert, G. (1954) Une classification écologique des forêts du Congo. Publications INEAC, sér. sci., 63, 1–89 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Letouzey, R. (1968). Etude phytogéographique du Cameroun (508 pp.). Lechevalier, Paris [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Letouzey, R. (1978). Notes phytogeographiques sur les palmiers du Cameroun. Adansonia 18, 293–325 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Letouzey, R. (1985) Notice de la carte phytogéographique du Cameroun au 1:500 000. IRA Yaoundé et Institut Carte internationale de la Végétation, Toulouse, France [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Makany, L. (1976) Végétation des plateaux Téké. Travaux Université Brazzaville 1, 301 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Maley, J. (1970) Contribution à l’étude du Bassin du Tchad. Atlas des pollens du Tchad. Bulletin du jardin Botanique national belge 40(25), 29–48 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Maley, J. (1989) Late Quaternary climatic changes in the African rain forest: Forest refugia and the major role of sea surface temperature variations. In: M. Leinen and M. Sarnthein (eds.), Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport (NATO Advanced Sc. Inst. Series C, 282, pp. 585 616). Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maley, J. (1991) The African rainforest vegetation and palaeoenvironments during late Quaternary. Climatic Change 19, 79–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maley, J. (1992) Commentaire à la note de D. Schwartz: Mise en évidence d’une péjoration climatique entre ca. 2500 et 2000 ans B.P. en Afrique tropicale humide. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 163, 363–365 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Maley, J. (1996) The African rainforest, main characteristics of changes in vegetation and climate from the Upper Cretaceous to the Quaternary. In: I. J. Alexander, M. D. Swaine, and R. Watling (eds.), Essays on the Ecology of the Guinea-Congo Rainforest. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh B Biological Sciences 104, 31–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maley, J. (1997) Middle to late Holocene changes in Topical Africa and other continents: Palaeomousson and sea surface temperature variations. In: H. N. Dalfes, G. Kukla, and H. Weiss (eds.), The Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse (NATO ASI Series 149, pp. 611–640). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maley, J. (2001) Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (oil palm) fluctuations in central Africa during the late Holocene: Climate or human driving forces for this pioneering species? Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 10, 117–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maley, J. and Brénac, P. (1998) Vegetation dynamics, palaeoenvironments and climatic changes in the forests of western Cameroon during the last 28,000 years B.P. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 99, 157–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maley, J. and Elenga, H. (1993). Le rô1e des nuages dans l’évolution des paléoenvironnements montagnards de l’Afrique Tropicale. Veille Climatique Satellitaire 46, 51–63 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Maley, J., Livingstone, D. A., Giresse, P., Thouveny, N., Brenac, P., Kelts, K., Kling, G., Stager, C., Haag, M., Fournier, M. et al. (1990). Lithostratigraphy, volcanism, palaeomagnetism and palynology of Quaternary lacustrine deposit from Barombi Mbo (West Cameroon): Preliminary results. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 42, 319–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchant, R. and Hooghiemstra, H. (2004) Rapid environmental change in African and South American tropics around 4000 years before present: A review. Earth Science Reviews 66, 217–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marret, F., Scourse, J., Jansen, J. F., and Shneider, R. (1999) Changements climatiques et paléoocéanographiques en Afrique central Atlantique au cours de la dernière déglaciation: contribution palynologique. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série IIa 329, 721–726 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Mix, A., Bard, E., and Schneider, R. (2001) Environmental processes of the ice age: Land, oceans, glaciers (EPILOG). Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 627–657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngomanda, A., Chepstow-Lusty, A., Makaya, M., Schevin, P., Maley, J., Fontugne, M., Oslisly, R., Rabenkogo, N., and Jolly, D. (2005) Vegetation changes during the past 1300 years in Western Equatorial Africa: A high-resolution pollen record from Lake Kamalete, Lopé Reserve, Central Gabon. The Holocene 15, 1021–1031.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngomanda, A., Jolly, D., Bentaleb, I., Chepstow-Lusty, A., Makaya, M., Maley, J., Fontugne, M., Oslisly, R., and Rabenkogo, N. (in press). Response of African lowland rainforest to hydrological balance changes during the past 15 centuries years in Gabon, Western Equatorial Africa. Quaternary Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguetsop, V. F., Servant-Vildary, S., and Servant M. (2004) Late Holocene climatic changes in West Africa: A high resolution diatom record from equatorial Cameroon. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 591–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oslisly, R. (2001) The history of human settlement in the Middle Ogooué Valley (Gabon). In: W. Weber, L. J. T. White, A. Vedder, and L. Naughton-Treves (eds.), African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation (pp. 101–118). Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oslisly, R. and Fontugne M. (1993) La fin du stade neolithique et le début de l’Age du Fer dans la moyenne vallée de l’Ogoué au Gabon. Problèmes chronologiques et changements culturels. Cornptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série IIa 31, 997–1003 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascal, J.-P., Shyam Sunder, V., and Meher-Homji, V. M. (1984) Forest Maps of South India, Sheet: Belgaum-Dharwar-Panaji (Travaux Scientifiques et Techniques). Karnataka Forest Department and the French Institute, Pondicherry, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prentice, I. C., Cramer, W., Harrison, S. P., Leemans, R., Monserup, R A., and Soloman, A. M. (1992) A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. Journal of Biogeography 19, 117–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynaud-Farrera, I. (1995) Histoire des paléoenvironnements forestiers du Sud-Cameroun à partir d’analyses palynologiques et statistiques de dépôts holocènes et actuels. Unpublished thesis, University Montpellier II (230 pp.) [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynaud-Farrera, I., Maley, J., and Wirrmann, D. (1996) Végétation et climat dans les forâts du Sud-Ouest Cameroun depuis 4770 ans B.P.: analyse pollinique des sédiments du lac Ossa. Cornptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série IIa 322, 749–755.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, K. (1986) Preliminary results of pollen analysis of a 6000 year core from Mboandong: A crater lake in Cameroon. Hull Univ. Geogr. Dep. Misc. Set. 32, 14–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, P. W. (1981) The Tropical Rain Forest: An ecological study (450 pp.). Cambridge University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Runge, F. and Fimbel, R. A. (1999) Opal phytoliths as evidence of the formation of savanna islands in the rain forest of Southeast Cameroon. Palaeoecology of Africa 27, 171–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J., Talbot, M., and Haskell, B. J. (2003) Mid-holocene climate change in Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana. Quaternary Research 60, 133–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salard-Cheboldaeff, M. (1980). Palynologie camerounaise. I Pollens de la mangrove et des fourrés arbustifs côtiers. Compte rendus Congres National des Sociétés savantes 106, 125–136 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Salard-Cheboldaeff, M. (1981) Palynologie camerounaise. II Grains de pollen de la forêt littorale de basse altitude. Mangrove et des fourrés arbustifs cêtiers. Compte rendus Congres National des’ Sociétés savantes 107, 127–141 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Salard-Cheboldaeff, M. (1982) Palynologie camerounaise. III Grains de pollen de la forêt dense humide de basse et moyenne altitude. Compte rendus Congres National des Sociétés savantes 108, 117–129 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D. (1992) Assèchement climatique vers 3000 B.P. et expansion Bantu en Afrique centrale atlantique: quelques réflexions. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 163, 353–361 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D., Guillet, B., and Dechamps, R. (1990) Etude de deux flores forestières mi-holocène (6000 3000 BP) et subactuelle (500 BP) conservées in situ sur le littoral pontenegrin (Congo). In: R. Lanfranchi and D. Schwartz (eds.), Paysages quaternaires de l’AJ?ique centrale atlantique (pp. 283–297). ORSTOM, Bondy, France [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D., de Foresta, H., Mariotti, A., Balesdent, J., Massimba, J. P., and Girardin, C. (1996a) Present dynamics of the savanna forest boundary in the Congolese Mayombe: A pedological, botanical and isotopic (13C and 14C) study. Oecologia 106, 516–524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D., Dechamps, R., Elenga, H., Mariotti, A., and Vincens, A. (1996b) Les savanes d’Afrique Centrale: des écosystémes /t l’origine complexe, spScifiques de l’Holoc~ne sup6rieur. Symposium Dynamique ?t long terme des’ dcosystdmes Jbrestiers intertropicaux (pp. 179–182). CNRS-ORSTOM, Bondy, France [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, T. (1976) Early crops in Africa: A review of the evidence. In: J. R. Harlan, J. M. J. de Wet, and A. B. L. Stemler (eds.), Origin of AJrican Plant Domestication (pp. 107–153). Mouton, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowunmi, M. A. (1973) Pollen of Nigerian Plants, I: Woody species. Grana 13, 145–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowunmi, M. A. (1995) Pollen of Nigerian Plants, II: Woody species. Grana 34, 120–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowunmi, M. A. (1999) The significance of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in the late Holocene environments of west and west central Africa: A further consideration. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 8, 199–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stager, J. C. and Anfang-Stutter, R. (1999) Preliminary evidence of environmental changes at Lake Bambili (Cameroon, West Africa) since 24,000 Be. Journal of Palaeolimnology 22, 319–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stager, J. C., Ryves, D., Cumming, B. F., Meeker, D., and Beer J. (2005) Solar variability and the levels of Lake Victoria, East Africa, during the last millennium. Journal of Palaeolimnology 33, 243–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swaine, M. (1992) Charateristics of dry forests in West Africa and the influence of fire. Journal of Vegetation Science 3, 365–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Geel, B., Van der Plicht, J., Kilian, M. R., Klaver, E. R., Kouvenberg, J. H. M., Renssen, H., Reynaud-Farrera I., and Waterbolk, H. T. (1998) The sharp rise of δ14C ca 800 cal BC: Possible cause, related climatic tele connections and the impact on human environments. Radiocarbon 40, 535–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verschuren, D., Laird, K. R., and Cumming, B. F. (2000) Rainfall and drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1,100 years. Nature 403, 410–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincens, A., Chalié, F., Bonnefille, R., Guiot, J., and Tiercelin, J. J. (1993) Pollen-derived rainfall and temperature estimates from Lake Tanganyika and their implication for late Pleistocene water levels. Quaternary Research 40, 343–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincens, A., Buchet, G., Elenga, H., Fournier, M., Martin, L., de Namur, C., Schwartz, D., Servant, M., and Wirrmann, D. (1994) Changement majeur de la végétation du lac Sinnda (vallée du Niari, Sud-Congo) consécutif à l’assèchement climatique holocène supérieur: apport de la palynologie.Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série IIa 318, 1521–1526 [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincens, A., Elenga, H., Schwartz, D., de Namur, C., Bertaux, J., Fournier, M., and Dechamps, R. (1996a). Histoire des écosystèmes forestiers du Sud-Congo depuis 6000 ans. Symposium “Dynamique à long terme des écosystèmes forestiers intertropicaux” (pp. 291–294), CNRS-ORSTOM, Bondy, France [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincens, A., Alexandre, A., Bertaux, J., Dechamps, R., Elenga, H., Maley, J., Mariotti, A., Meunier, J. D., Nguetsop, F., Reynaud-Farrera, I. et al. (1996b) Evolution de la forêt tropicale en Afrique équatoriale atlantique durant les 4000 derniès années et héritage sur les paysages végétaux actuels. Symposium “Dynamique à long terme des écosystèmes forestiers intertropicaux” (pp. 287–289). CNRS-ORSTOM, Bondy, France [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincens, A., Schwartz, D., Bertaux, J., Elenga, H., and de Namur, C. (1998) Late Holocene climatic changes in Western equatorial Africa inferred from pollen from lake Sinnda, Southern Congo. Quaternary Research 50, 34–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincens, A., Schwartz, D., Elenga, H., Reynaud-Farrera, I., Alexandre, A., Bertaux, J., Mariotti, A., Martin, L., Meunier, J. D., and Nguetsop, F. (1999) Forest response to climatic changes in Atlantic Equatorial Africa during the last 4000 years BP and inheritance on the modern landscapes. Journal of Biogeography 26, 879–885.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincens, A., Dubois, M. A., Guillet, B., Achoundong, G., Buchet, G., Kamgang Kabeyene Beyala, V., de Namur, C., and Riera, B. (2000) Polle-rain-vegetation relationships along a fores-savanna transect in southeastern Cameroon. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 110, 191–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, F. (1983). The Vegetation of Africa (a descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/ AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa, 356 pp.). UNESCO, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirrmann, D. and Elouga, M. (1998) Discovery of an Iron Age site in Lake Ossa, Cameroonian Littoral Province. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série IIa 323, 139–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirrmann, D., Bertaux, J., and Kossoni, A. (2001) Late Holocene palaeoclimatic changes in Western Central Africa inferred from mineral abundance in dated sediments from Lake Ossa (Southwest Cameroon). Quaternary Research 56, 275–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youta Happi (1998) Arbres contre graminhes; la lente invasion de la savane par la forêt au Centre-Cameroun. Unpublished thesis, Universit6 Paris IV (237 pp.) [in French].

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeven, A. C. (1964) On the origin of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Grana Palynologica 5, 121–123.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bonnefille, R. (2007). Rainforest responses to past climatic tropical Africa. In: Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change. Springer Praxis Books. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48842-2_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics