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Seismic Images of Accretive and Erosive Subduction Zones from the Chilean Margin

  • Chapter
The Andes

Part of the book series: Frontiers in Earth Sciences ((FRONTIERS))

Abstract

Modern seismic imaging methods were used to study the subduction processes of the South American convergent margin. The data came from reflection and from wide-angle/refraction experiments acquired within the framework of the Collaborative Research Center SFB267 ‘Deformation Processes in the Andes’. Two areas of differing character and subduction type were investigated: an erosive margin to the north (19–26° S) and an accretionary margin to the south (36–40° S). Results from different seismic models yield three main transects that give an overall impression about the internal structure below the Chilean margin. At the erosive margin, we find that the upper part of the subducting oceanic lithosphere is characterized by a horst-and-graben structure that coincides with the coupling zone between the plates. Strong coupling between oceanic crust and fore-arc in the case of a horst-continent collision is also indicated by plate-parallel faults beneath the lower continental slope, which we interpret as the upper parts of the subduction channel. In this context, the subduction channel represents the downgoing Nazca Plate as well as those portions of the continental crust which moved landward. Low seismic velocities below the coastline also represent parts of the subduction channel and of the hydrofractured base of the upper crust near the plate interface. Between 45 and 60 km depth, a double reflection zone marks the upper and lower boundary of the subducted oceanic crust. Off southern Chile, the ocean bottom is characterized by relatively smooth morphology. In contrast, in the south, the trench is filled with sediments and contains an axial channel (Figs. 7.16 to 7.18) extending in N-S direction along the trench axis within the investigation area. The periodicity of the reflected seismic signal within these sediments correlates with the main glacial cycle during the Quaternary. The recent accretionary wedge is built up from strongly heterogeneous unconsolidated sediments. Frontal accretion takes place within the southern working area except for the region around the Arauco Peninsula, which shows uplift due to basal accretion and antiformal stacking. Below the Coastal Cordillera, the heterogeneity of the modern accretionary wedge and the antiformal stack structure of the Permo-Triassic accretionary wedge complicate imaging at depths greater than about 30 km. Thus, we obtain an image of the top of the subduction channel as a thin reflector segment only to about 25 km depth.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fachrichtung Geophysik, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstrasse 74-100, 12249, Berlin, Germany

    Christof Sick, Klaus Rauch, Stefan Buske, Stefan Lüth, Serge Shapiro & Peter Wigger

  2. Institut für Geophysik, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146, Hamburg, Germany

    Mi-Kyung Yoon

  3. Servicios Geofísicos En Ingeniería y Minería — SEGMI, San Sebastian 2750, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile

    Manuel Araneda

  4. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Klaus Bataille

  5. Departamento de Geología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 610, Antofagasta, Chile

    Guillermo Chong

  6. Department 3 Geodynamik, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Charlotte Krawczyk & Onno Oncken

  7. Department 2 Physik der Erde, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    James Mechie & Manfred Stiller

  8. Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Stilleweg 2, 30655, Hannover, Germany

    Heinrich Meyer & Christian Reichert

  9. Fundación Venezolana de Investigaciones Sismológicas FUNVISIS, Caracas, Venezuela

    Michael Schmitz

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  1. Christof Sick
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department 3 Geodynamik, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Onno Oncken

  2. Departamento de Geología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 610, Antofagasta, Chile

    Guillermo Chong

  3. Petrologie, Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany

    Gerhard Franz

  4. Abteilung Geophysik, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 1, 24118, Kiel, Germany

    Hans-Jürgen Götze

  5. Departamento Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Victor A. Ramos

  6. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24, 14476, Potsdam, Germany

    Manfred R. Strecker

  7. Fachrichtung Geophysik, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstrasse 74-100, 12249, Berlin, Germany

    Peter Wigger

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Sick, C. et al. (2006). Seismic Images of Accretive and Erosive Subduction Zones from the Chilean Margin. In: Oncken, O., et al. The Andes. Frontiers in Earth Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48684-8_7

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