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Bacterial Cell Wall Components

  • Reference work entry
Glycoscience

Abstract

Bacterial cells are surrounded by a variety of cell-surface structures that allow them to thrive in extreme environments. Components of the cell envelope and extracellular matrix are responsible for providing the cells with structural support, mediating intercellular communication, allowing the cells to move or to adhere to surfaces, protecting the cells from attack by antibiotics or the immune system, and facilitating the uptake of nutrients. Some of the most important cell wall components are polysaccharide structures. This review discusses the occurrence, structure, function, and biosynthesis of the most prevalent bacterial cell surface polysaccharides: peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, arabinogalactan, and lipoarabinomannan, and capsular and extracellular polysaccharides. The roles of these polysaccharides in medicine, both as drug targets and as therapeutic agents, are also described.

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Abbreviations

ACP:

acyl carrier protein

AG:

arabinogalactan

AraLAM:

uncapped LAM

CPS:

capsular polysaccharide

EPS:

exocellular polysaccharide

GFP:

green fluorescence protein

HMW:

high molecular weight

IM:

inner membrane

LAM:

lipoarabinomannan

LM:

lipomannan

LMW:

low molecular weight

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide

mAGP:

mycolyl‐arabinogalactan‐peptidoglycan complex

ManLAM:

mannose‐capped LAM

MGT:

monofunctional glycosyltransferase

OM:

outer membrane

OMP:

outer membrane protein

PBP:

penicillin‐binding protein

PGT:

peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase

PI:

phospho‐inositol

PILAM:

inositol phosphate‐capped LAM

PIM:

phosphatidylinositol mannoside

PMB:

polymyxin B

TPase:

transpeptidase

Dab:

2,4‑diaminobutyric acid

DAP:

2,6‑diaminopimelic acid

mDAP:

meso-2,6‑diaminobutyric acid

HyDAP:

meso-2,6‑diamino-3‑hydroxypimelic acid

Hyg:

threo-P-hydroxyglutamic acid

HyLys:

hydroxylysine

Orn:

ornithine

f :

furanose

p :

pyranose

P:

phosphate

PP:

pyrophosphate

PEtN:

2‑aminoethyl phosphate

Ara:

arabinose

Col:

l‑colitose

Fru:

fructose

Fuc:

fucose

FucNAc:

N-acetylfucosamine

Gal:

d‑galactose

GalA:

galacturonic acid

GalN:

2-amino-2-deoxy‐galactose

GalNAc:

N-acetylgalactosamine

GalNAcA:

N-acetylgalacturonic acid

Glc:

d‑glucose

GlcA:

glucuronic acid

GlcN:

2-amino-2-deoxy-glucose

GlcNAc:

N-acetylglucosamine

Hep:

l‑glycero-d‑manno-heptose

Kdo:

2-keto-3‑deoxyoctonate

Man:

mannose

ManNAc:

N-acetylmannosamine

MurNAc:

N-acetylmuramic acid

NAG:

N-acetyl-d‑glucosamine

NAM:

N-acetyl-d‑muramic acid

Neu5Ac:

5-N-acetyl-d‑neuraminic acid

Qui:

quinovose

QuiNAc:

N-acetylquinovosamine

Rha:

rhamnose

Rib:

ribulose

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 2115, USA

    Cynthia Ginsberg, Stephanie Brown & Suzanne Walker

  2. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    Cynthia Ginsberg, Stephanie Brown & Suzanne Walker

Authors
  1. Cynthia Ginsberg
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  2. Stephanie Brown
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  3. Suzanne Walker
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Suzanne Walker .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Natural Products and Glycotechnology Research Institute Inc., North Caroline State University, 4118 Swarthmore Road, Durham, NC, 27707, USA

    Bertram O. Fraser-Reid Prof. Dr.

  2. University Graduate School of Science and Engineering, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

    Kuniaki Tatsuta Prof. Dr.

  3. Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany

    Joachim Thiem Prof. Dr.

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© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York

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Ginsberg, C., Brown, S., Walker, S. (2008). Bacterial Cell Wall Components. In: Fraser-Reid, B.O., Tatsuta, K., Thiem, J. (eds) Glycoscience. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30429-6_38

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