Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nerve and Blood Vessels

  • Chapter
Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

Abstract

From the histologic point of view, nerves are round or flattened cords, with a complex internal structure made of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers, containing axons and Schwann cells grouped in fascicles (Fig. 4.1a) (Erickson 1997). Along the course of the nerve, fibers can traverse from one fascicle to another and fascicles can split and merge. Based on the fascicular arrangement, two theories have been hypothesized to explain the internal architecture of a nerve: the “cable” and the “plexiform” models (Stewart 2003). The first states that nerves are cable-like structures, in which fascicles run separately throughout the entire nerve length (Fig. 4.1b). The second asserts that fascicles alternate splitting, branching, and rejoining along the course of the nerve trunk (Fig. 4.1c). In fact, nerves have both cable and plexiform arrangement of the fascicles depending on the level of examination. In their more proximal portion (e.g., brachial plexus), a plexiform organization of the fascicles predominates.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Altinok T, Baysal O, Karakas HM et al (2004) Ultrasonographic assessment of mild and moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Radiol 59:916–925

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amadio PC, Reiman HM, Dobijins JH (1988) Lipofibromatous hamartoma of nerve. J Hand Surg [Am] 13:67–76

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bargfrede M, Schwennicke A, Tumani H et al (1999) Quantitative ultrasonography in focal neuropathies as compared to clinical and EMG findings. Eur J Ultrasound 10:21–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beekman R, Visser LH (2002) Sonographic detection of diffuse peripheral nerve enlargement in hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies. J Clin Ultrasound 30:433–436

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beekman R, Visser LH (2004) High-resolution sonography of the peripheral nervous system: a review of the literature. Eur J Neurol 11:305–314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beekman R Schoemaker MC van der Plas et al 2004a Diagstic value of high-resolution sography in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Neurology 62767–773

    Google Scholar 

  • Beekman R, Van del Plas JPL, Uitdehaag BMJ (2004b) Clinical, electrodiagnostic and sonographic studies in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Muscle Nerve 30:202–208

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beggs I (1999) Sonographic appearances of nerve tumors. J Clin Ultrasound 27:363–368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertolotto M, Rosenberg I, Parodi RC et al (1996) Case report: fibroma of tendon sheath in the distal forearm with associated median nerve neuropathy: US, CT and MR appearance. Clin Radiol 51:370–372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi S, Montet X, Martinoli C et al (2004) High-resolution sonography of compressive neuropathies of the wrist. J Clin Ultrasound 32:451–461

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bilge T, Kaya A, Alatli M et al (1989) Hemangioma of the peroneal nerve: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 25:649–652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodner G, Huber B, Schwabegger A, Lutz M et al (1999) Sonographic detection of radial nerve entrapment within a humerus fracture. J Ultrasound Med 20:131–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodner G, Buchberger W, Schocke M et al (2001) Radial nerve palsy associated with humeral shaft fracture: evaluation with US: initial experience. Radiology 219:811–816

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodner G, Harpf C, Gardetto A et al (2002a) Ultrasonography of the accessory nerve: normal and pathologic findings in cadavers and patients with iatrogenic accessory nerve palsy. J Ultrasound Med 21:1159–1163

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bodner G, Harpf C, Meirer R et al (2002b) Ultrasonographic appearance of supinator syndrome. J Ultrasound Med 21:1289–1293

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchberger W, Schon G, Strasser K et al (1991) High-resolution ultrasonography of the carpal tunnel. J Ultrasound Med 10:531–537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchberger W, Judmaier W, Birbamer G et al (1992) Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnosis with high-resolution sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159:793–798

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chamlou R, Stefanidis C, Lambert T et al (2002) Popliteal artery pseudoaneurysm and hereditary multiple exostoses. Acta Chir Belg 102:467–469

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen P, Massengill A, Maklad N et al (1996) Nerve territory-oriented macrodactyly: unusual cause of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Ultrasound Med 15:661–664

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen P, Maklad N, Redwine M et al (1997) Dynamic high-resolution sonography of the carpal tunnel. AJR Am J Roentgenol 168:533–537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chien AJ, Jamadar DA, Jacobson JA et al (2003) Sonography and MR imaging of posterior interosseous nerve syndrome with surgical correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 181:219–221

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chin EE, Zimmerman PT, Grant EG (2005) Sonographic evaluation of upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. J Ultrasound Med 24:829–838

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiou HJ, Chou YH, Cheng SP et al (1998) Cubital tunnel syndrome: diagnosis by high-resolution ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 17:643–648

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chong WK, Lawrence R, Gardener J (1993) The appearance of normal and abnormal arterial morphology on intravascular ultrasound. Clin Radiol 48:301–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang YM, Luo CB, Chou YH et al (2002) Sonographic diagnosis and treatment of a median nerve epineurial hematoma caused by brachial artery catheterization. J Ultrasound Med 21:705–708

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clevert DA, Rupp N, Reiser M et al (2005) Improved diagnosis of vascular dissection by ultrasound B-flow: a comparison with color-coded Doppler and power Doppler sonography. Eur Radiol 15:342–347

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cronan JJ, Dorfman GS, Scola FH et al (1987) Deep venous thrombosis: US assessment using vein compression. Radiology 162:191–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davison BD, Polak JF (2004) Arterial injuries: a sonographic approach. Radiol Clin North Am 42:383–396

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delfiner JS (1996) Dynamic and pathophysiology of nerve compression in the upper extremity. Orthop Clin North Am 27:219–226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N et al (2002) Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology 224:112–119

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan I, Sullivan P, Lomas F (1999) Sonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173:681–683

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards JM, Zierler RE (1992) Duplex ultrasound assessment of upper extremity arteries. In: Zwiebel WJ (ed) Introduction to vascular ultrasonography, 3rd edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 223–235

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Karabaty H, Hetzel A, Galla TJ et al (2005) The effect of carpal tunnel release on median nerve flattening and nerve conduction. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 45:223–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Miedany YM, Aty SA, Ashour S (2004) Ultrasonography versus nerve conduction study in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: substantive or complementary tests? Rheumatology 43:887–895

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson SJ (1997) High-resolution imaging of the musculoskeletal system. Radiology 205:593–618

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eusebi V, Bondi A, Cancellieri A et al (1990) Primary malignant lymphoma of sciatic nerve: report of a case. Am J Surg Pathol 14:881–885

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foley WD, Middleton WD, Lawson TL et al (1989) Color Doppler ultrasound imaging of lower-extremity venous disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152:371–376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fornage BD (1988) Peripheral nerves of the extremities: imaging with US. Radiology 167:179–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fornage BD, Nerot C (1987) Sonographic diagnosis of tuberculoid leprosy. J Ultrasound Med 6:105–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser JD, Anderson DR (2004) Venous protocols, techniques and interpretations of the upper and lower extremities. Radiol Clin North Am 42:279–296

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fry WR, Smith RS, Sayers DV et al (1993) The success of duplex ultrasonographic scanning in diagnosis of extremity vascular proximity trauma. Arch Surg 128:1368–1372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gassner EM, Schocke M, Peer S et al (2002) Persistent median artery in the carpal tunnel: color Doppler ultrasonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med 21:455–461

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • George V, Smith AG (1996) Anatomic considerations of the peripheral nerve in compressive neuropathies of the upper extremity. Orthop Clin North Am 27:211–218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giovagnorio F, Martinoli C (2001) Sonography of the cervical vagus nerve: normal appearance and abnormal findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176:745–749

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graif M, Seton A, Nerubali J et al (1991) Sciatic nerve: sonographic evaluation and anatomic-pathologic considerations. Radiology 18:405–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Graif M, Martinoli C, Rockind S et al (2004) Sonographic evaluation of brachial plexus pathology. Eur Radiol 14:193–200

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber H, Peer S, Kovacs P et al (2003) The ultrasonographic appearance of the femoral nerve and cases of iatrogenic impairment. J Ultrasound Med 22:163–172

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber H, Peer S, Meirer R et al (2005) Peroneal nerve palsy associated with knee luxation: evaluation by sonography-initial experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185:1119–1125

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heinemeyer O, Reimers CD (1999) Ultrasound of radial, ulnar, median and sciatic nerves in healthy subjects and patients with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies. Ultrasound Med Biol 25:481–485

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helvie MA, Rubin JM (1989) Evaluation of traumatic groin arteriovenous fistulas with duplex Doppler sonography. J Ultrasound Med 16:177–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Helvie MA, Rubin JM, Silver TM et al (1988) The distinction between femoral artery pseudoaneurysms and other causes of groin masses: value of duplex Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 150:1177–1180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hide IG, Grainger AJ, Naisby GP et al (1999) Sonographic findings in the anterior interosseous nerve syndrome. J Clin Ultrasound 27:459–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang JW, Ahn JM, Kang HS et al (1998) Vascular leiomyoma of an extremity: MR imaging-pathology correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 171:981–985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iannicelli E, Chianta GA, Salvini V et al (2000) Evaluation of bifid median nerve with sonography and MR imaging. J Ultrasound Med 19:481–485

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikushima K, Ueda T, Kudawara I et al (1999) Plexiform schwannoma of the foot. Eur Radiol 9:1653–1655

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isobe K, Shimizu T, Akahane T et al (2004) Imaging of ancient schwannoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183:331–336

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs MJ, Gregoric ID, Reul GJ (1992) Profunda femoral artery pseudoaneurysm after percutaneous transluminal procedures manifested by neuropathy. J Cardiovasc Surg 33:729–731

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson JA, Jebson PJL, Jeffers AW et al (2001) Ulnar nerve dislocation and snapping triceps syndrome: diagnosis with dynamic sonography-report of three cases. Radiology 220:601–605

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katsumi K, Ogose A, Hotta T et al (2003) Plexiform schwannoma of the forearm. Skeletal Radiol 32:719–723

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keberle M, Jennett M, Kenn W et al (2000) Technical advances in ultrasound and MR imaging of carpal tunnel syndrome. Eur Radiol 10:1043–1050

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kele H, Verheggen R, Bittermann HJ et al (2002) The potential value of ultrasonography in the evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome. Neurology 61:389–391

    Google Scholar 

  • King AD, Ahuja AT, King W et al (1997) Sonography of periph eral nerve tumors of the neck. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169:1695–1698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knudson MM, Lewis FR, Atkinson K, Neuhaus A (1993) The role of duplex ultrasound arterial imaging in patients with penetrating extremity trauma. Arch Surg 128:1033–1037

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotevoglu N, Gülbahce-Saglam S (2005) Ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome and its relevance to clinical evaluation. Joint Bone Spine 72:142–145

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koyuncuoglu HR, Kutluhan S, Yesildag A et al (2005) The value of ultrasonographic measurement in carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with negative electrodiagnostic tests. Eur J Radiology 56:365–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanzillo B, Pappone N, Crisci C et al (1998) Subclinical peripheral nerve involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 41:1196–1202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee D, van Holsbeeck MT, Janevski PK et al (1999) Diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: ultrasound versus electromyography. Radiol Clin North Am 37:859–872

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin J, Martel W (2001) Cross-sectional imaging of peripheral nerve sheath tumors: characteristic signs on CT, MR imaging, and sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176:75–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin J, Jacobson JA, Hayes CW (1999) Sonographic target sign in neurofibromas. J Ultrasound Med 18:513–517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liskutin J, Dorffner R, Resinger M et al (2000) Hypothenar hammer syndrome. Eur Radiol 10:542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marom EM, Helms CA (1999) Fibrolipomatous hamartoma: pathognomonic on MR imaging. Skeletal Radiol 28:260–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin AJ, Ryan LK, Gotlieb AI et al (1997) Arterial imaging: comparison of high-resolution US and MR imaging with histologic correlation. RadioGraphics 17:189–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinoli C, Bianchi S, Derchi LE (1999) Tendon and nerve sonography. Radiol Clin North Am 37:691–711

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinoli C, Bianchi S, Derchi LE (2000a) Ultrasonography of peripheral nerves. Semin US CT MR 21:205–213

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinoli C, Bianchi S, Gandolfo N et al (2000b) US of nerve entrapments in osteofibrous tunnels of the upper and lower limbs. RadioGraphics 20:199–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinoli C, Derchi LE, Bertolotto M et al (2000c) US and MR imaging of peripheral nerves in leprosy. Skeletal Radiol 29:142–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinoli C, Schenone A, Bianchi S et al (2002) Sonography of median nerve in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:1553–1556

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinoli C, Bianchi S, Prato N et al (2003) US of the shoulder: non-rotator cuff disorders. RadioGraphics 23:381–401

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinoli C, Bianchi S, Pugliese F et al (2004) Sonography of entrapment neuropathies in the upper limb (wrist excluded). J Clin Ultrasound 32:438–450

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller-Thomas MM, West OC, Cohen AM (2005) Diagnosing traumatic arterial injury in the extremities with CT angiography: pearls and pitfalls. RadioGraphics 25:133–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphey MD, Smith WS, Smith SE et al (1999) Imaging of musculoskeletal neurogenic tumors: radiologic-pathologic correlation. RadioGraphics 19:1253–1280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy TP, Cronan JJ (1990) Evolution of deep venous thrombosis: a prospective eevaluation with US. Radiology 177:543–548

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nadkar MY, Agarwal R, Samant RS et al (2001) Neuropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. J Assoc Physicians India 49:217–220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamichi K, Tachibana S (1995) Restricted motion of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg [Br] 20:460–464

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamichi K, Tachibana S, Kitajima I (2000) Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ulnar tunnel syndrome caused by an occult ganglion. J Hand Surg [Br] 25:503–504

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto M, Abe M, Shirai H et al (2000) Diagnostic ultrasonography of the ulnar nerve in cubital tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg [Br] 5:499–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Okereke CD, Knight S, McGowan A et al (1999) Hypothenar hammer syndrome diagnosed by ultrasound. Injury 30:448–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozdemir H, Mahmutyazicioglu K, Ozkokeli M et al (2003) Pseudoaneurysm of the dorsalis pedis artery: color Doppler Sonographic and angiographic findings. J Clin Ultrasound 31:283–287

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peer S, Bodner G, Mairer R et al (2001) Examination of postoperative peripheral nerve lesions with high-resolution sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 177:415–419

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peer S, Harpf C, Willeit J et al (2003) Sonographic evaluation of primary peripheral nerve repair. J Ultrasound Med 22:1317–1322

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pillay PK, Hardy RW Jr, Wilbourn AJ et al (1988) Solitary primary lymphoma of the sciatic nerve: case report. Neurosurgery 23:370–371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polak JF, Culter SS, O’Leary DH (1989) Deep veins of the calf: assessment with color Doppler flow imaging. Radiology 171:81–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Propeck T, Quinn TJ, Jacobson JA et al (2000) Sonography and MR imaging of bifid median nerve with anatomic and histologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:1721–1725

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prosser AJ, Burke FD (1987) Haemangioma of the median nerve associated with Raynaud’s phenomenon. J Hand Surg 12:227–228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Provost N, Bonaldi VM, Sarazin L (1997) Amputation stump neuroma: ultrasound features. J Clin Ultrasound 25:85–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puig S, Turkof E, Sedivy R et al (1999) Sonographic diagnosis of recurrent ulnar nerve compression by ganglion cysts. J Ultrasound Med 18:433–436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn TJ, Jacobson JA, Craig JG, van Holsbeeck MT (2000) Sonography of Morton’s neuromas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174:1723–1728

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Read JW, Noakes JB, Kerr D et al (1999) Morton’s metatarsalgia: sonographic findings and correlated histopathology. Foot Ankle Int 20:153–161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redd RA, Peters VJ, Emery SF et al (1989) Morton neuroma: sonographic evaluation. Radiology 171:415–417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds DL Jr, Jacobson JA, Inampudi P et al (2004) Sonographic characteristics of peripheral nerve sheath tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182:741–744

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridley DS, Jopling WH (1966) Classification of leprosy according to immunity: a five group system. Int J Leprosy 34:255–273

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieger M, Mallouhi A, Tauscher T et al (2006) Traumatic arterial injuries of the extremities: initial evaluation with MDCT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186:656–664

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roncaroli F, Poppi M, Riccioni L et al (1997) Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the sciatic nerve followed by localization in the central nervous system: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 40:618–621

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum R (2001) Neuromuscular complications of connective tissue diseases. Muscle Nerve 24:154–169

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossey-Marec D, Simonet J, Beccari R et al (2004) Ultrasonographic appearance of idiopathic radial nerve constriction proximal to the elbow. J Ultrasound Med 23:1003–1007

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roubidoux MA, Hertzberg BS, Carroll BA et al (1990) Color flow and image-directed Doppler ultrasound evaluation of iatrogenic arteriovenous fistulas in the groin. J Clin Ultrasound 18:463–469

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sacks D, Robinson ML, Perlmutter GS (1989) Femoral arterial injury following catheterization: duplex evaluation. J Ultrasound Med 8:241–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Said G, Lacroix C (2005) Primary and secondary vasculitis neuropathy. J Neurol 252:633–641

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sardanelli F, Renzetti P, Nardi F et al (1996) Imaging of angioleiomyoma. J Clin Ultrasound 24:268–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schenone A, Mancardi GL (1999) Molecular basis of inherited neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol 12:603–616

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schon LC (1994) Nerve entrapment, neuropathy and nerve dysfunction in athletes. Orthop Clin North Am 25:47–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz M, Weaver F, Yellin A et al (1993) The utility of color Doppler examination in penetrating extremity arterial trauma. Am Surg 59:375–378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz RA, Kerns DB, Mitchell DG (1991) Color Doppler ultrasound imaging in iatrogenic arterial injuries. Am J Surg 162:4–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafighi M, Gurunluoglu R, Ninkovic M et al (2002) Ultrasonography for depiction of brachial plexus injury. J Ultrasound Med 22:631–634

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard DG, Iyer RB, Fenstermacher MJ (1998) Brachial plexus: demonstration at US. Radiology 208:402–406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel RJ, Chae JS, Maurer G et al (1993) Histopathologic correlation of the three-layered intravascular ultrasound appearance of normal adult human muscular arteries. Am Heart J 126:872–878

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silvestri E, Martinoli C, Derchi LE et al (1995) Echotexture of peripheral nerves: correlation between US and histologic findings and criteria to differentiate tendons. Radiology 197:291–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonetti S, Bianchi S, Martinoli C (1999) Neurophysiological and ultrasound findings in sural nerve lesions following stripping of the small saphenous vein. Muscle Nerve 22:1724–1726

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sivri A, Guler-Uysal F (1998) The electroneurophysiological evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol 17:416–418

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobiesk GA, Wertheimer SJ, Schulz R et al (1997) Sonographic evaluation of interdigital neuromas. J Foot Ankle Surg 36:364–366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spinner RJ, Atkinson JL, Tiel RL (2003) Peroneal intraneural ganglia: the importance of the articular branch: a unifying theory. J Neurosurg 99:330–343

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spinner RJ, Amrami KK, Rock MG (2005) The use of MR arthrography to document an occult joint communication in a recurrent peroneal intraneural ganglion. Skeletal Radiol 35:172–179

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart JD (2003) Peripheral nerve fascicles: anatomy and clinical relevance. Muscle Nerve 28:525–541

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talha H, Enon B, Chevalier JM et al (1987) Brachial artery entrapment: compression by the supracondylar process. Ann Vasc Surg 1:479–482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Velling TE, Brennan FJ, Hall LD et al (2001) Sonographic diagnosis of ulnar artery aneurysm in hypothenar Hammer syndrome: report of 2 cases. J Ultrasound Med 20:921–924

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verhagen WIM, Gabreels-Festen AA, van Wensen PJ et al (1993) Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies: a clinical, electroneurophysiological and morphological study. J Neurol Sci 116:176–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson D (2004) Ultrasound assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Radiol 59:909

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong BZY, Amrami KK, Wenger DE et al (2006) Lipomatosis of the sciatic nerve: typical and atypical MRI features. Skeletal Radiol 35:180–184

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong SM, Griffith JF, Hui ACF (2004) Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnostic usefulness of sonography. Radiology 232:93–99

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodruff JM (1993) The pathology and treatment of peripheral nerve tumors and tumor-like conditions. Cancer J Clin 43:290–308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright LB, Matchett WJ, Cruz CP et al (2004) Popliteal artery disease: diagnosis and treatment. RadioGraphics 24:467–469

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi S, Mn S, Yonemitsu Y et al (2002) A traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the dorsalis pedis artery: report of a case. Surg Today 32:756–757

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamazaki H, Saitoh S, Seki H, et al (1999) Peroneal nerve palsy caused by intraneural ganglia. Skeletal Radiol 28:52–56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yesildag A, Kutluhan S, Sengul N et al (2004) The role of ultrasonographic measurements of the median nerve in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Radiol 59:910–915

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziswiler HR, Reichenbach S, Vögelin E et al (2005) Diagnostic value of sonography in patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome: a prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 52:304–311

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Reparto di Radiologia, Istituto Scientifico “Giannina Gaslini”, Largo Gaslini 5, 16148, Genova, Italy

    Maura Valle MD (Staff Radiologist)

  2. Unité de Recherche et Dévelopement, Clinique des Grangettes, 7, ch. des Grangettes, 1224, Genève, Switzerland

    Maria Pia Zamorani MD

Authors
  1. Maura Valle MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maria Pia Zamorani MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Valle, M., Zamorani, M.P. (2007). Nerve and Blood Vessels. In: Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-28163-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-28163-4_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-42267-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-28163-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation