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Geology and Geomorphology

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Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 12))

Abstract

Geomorphology and geological processes exert fundamental controls on the occurrence, distribution, and makeup of mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs). Two broad geomorphic categories are shelves and slopes. Shelves include outer portions of continental and insular shelves that dip gently into mesophotic depths before reaching the shelf break and have very low gradients (<1°). Other low-gradient habitats include tops of isolated banks. Slope habitats extend from platform breaks down into adjacent basins and can be divided into low-gradient slopes (<30°), steep slopes (~30 to 70°), and walls (>70°). On shelves, MCEs are best developed on positive relief features elevated above the surrounding seafloor. In slope settings, MCE development is typically favored on steep irregular slopes, where coral cover is concentrated on steep-sided buttresses and sediment is channelized into narrow chutes. Relict features related to past sea levels are critically important MCE habitats on both shelves and slopes. Coral and coralline algae remain the primary frame builders in MCEs. However, accretion at mesophotic depths is likely very slow, such that they form only thin biostromal veneers over relict substrates. Sediments in MCEs are dominantly autochthonous skeletal sands and gravels. Although fluxes of sediments to the seafloor in MCEs are typically lower than in shallow reefs, sedimentary dynamics still play an important role. Low-gradient seafloor has an increased potential for accumulation of sediment detrimental to MCEs. In slope settings, downslope bed-load transport of sediment can be orders of magnitude higher than vertical fluxes and likely exerts an important influence on MCEs.

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Acknowledgements

CES drew extensively upon knowledge gained from research on MCEs in Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands that was supported by NOAA/NCCOS awards NA06NOS4780190, NA09NOS4260243, NA10NOS4260223, and NA11NOS4260184 to the UPRM Caribbean Coral Reef Institute. He further wishes to acknowledge Richard Appeldoorn for numerous stimulating discussions that helped to refine our concepts and the UPRM-DMS technical diving team including Ivonne Bejarano, Milton Carlo, Doug Kesling, Michael Nemeth, Hector Ruiz and Evan Tuohy. We thank Bret Jarrett for providing images for the Pulley Ridge MCE. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their critical assessments and helpful suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR, USA

    Clark E. Sherman

  2. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA

    Stanley D. Locker

  3. Geocoastal Research Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Jody M. Webster

  4. The Fredy & Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

    David K. Weinstein

  5. The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Eilat, Israel

    David K. Weinstein

  6. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

    David K. Weinstein

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  1. Clark E. Sherman
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Correspondence to Clark E. Sherman .

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  1. George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Yossi Loya

  2. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Silver Spring, MD, USA

    Kimberly A. Puglise

  3. Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum Network, Townsville, QLD, Australia

    Tom C.L. Bridge

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Sherman, C.E., Locker, S.D., Webster, J.M., Weinstein, D.K. (2019). Geology and Geomorphology. In: Loya, Y., Puglise, K., Bridge, T. (eds) Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92735-0_44

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