Abstract
Multiple studies investigated the effects of narcissism on risk-taking behaviors utilizing both self-report and behavioral measures. Most research focused on grandiose narcissism. Recently, research has also assessed vulnerable narcissism and relationships between the homogenous traits of narcissism and risk-taking behavior. Grandiose narcissism was linked with increased involvement in risky sexual behaviors, sexual aggression, aggressive driving, compulsive exercise, alcohol use and abuse, illicit drug use and abuse, compulsive buying behaviors, and gambling. Vulnerable narcissism was associated with aggressive driving and compulsive buying behaviors. The homogenous traits of narcissism, including grandiosity, exploitativeness, and entitlement, were associated with sexual aggression, involvement in high-risk sports, gambling, and unethical behaviors. With regard to performance on behavioral measures designed to assess risk-taking behaviors, the relationship between narcissism and risk-taking is more mixed. The mechanisms underlying why narcissists take risks are also examined. Avenues for future study are presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adams, H. M., Luevano, V. X., & Jonason, P. K. (2014). Risky business: Willingness to be caught in an extra-pair relationship, relationship experience, and the dark triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 66, 204–207.
Ansell, E. B., Wright, A. G. C., Markowitz, J. C., Sanislow, C. A., Hopwood, C. J., Zanarini, M. C., et al. (2015). Personality disorder risk factors for suicide attempts over 10 years of follow-up. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6, 161–167.
Barry, C. T., Frick, P. J., & Killian, A. L. (2003). The relation of narcissism and self-esteem to conduct problems in children: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 139–152.
Barry, C. T., Grafeman, S. J., Adler, K. K., & Pickard, J. D. (2007). The relations among narcissism, self-esteem, and delinquency in a sample of at-risk adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 933–942.
Barry, C. T., & Kauten, R. L. (2014). Nonpathological and pathological narcissism: Which self- reported characteristics are most problematic in adolescents? Journal of Personality Assessment, 96, 212–219.
Barry, C. T., Pickard, J. D., & Ansel, L. I. (2009). The associations of adolescent invulnerability and narcissism with problem behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 577–582.
Baumeister, R. F., & Wallace, H. M. (2002). The performance of narcissists rises and falls with perceived opportunity for glory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 819–834.
Bechara, A. (2007). Iowa gambling task professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50, 7–15.
Biolcati, R., Passini, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). All-in and bad beat: Professional poker players and pathological gambling. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 13, 19–32.
Blais, A. R., & Weber, E. U. (2006). A domain-specific risk-taking (DOSPERT) scale for adult populations. Judgment and Decision making, 1, 33–47.
Blaszczynski, A., & Steel, Z. (1998). Personality disorders among pathological gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14, 51–71.
Brand, M., Kalbe, E., Labudda, K., Fujiwara, E., Kessler, J., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2005). Decision-making impairments in patients with pathological gambling. Psychiatry Research, 133, 91–99.
Britt, T. W., & Garrity, M. J. (2006). Attributions and personality as predictors of the road rage response. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 127–147.
Brunell, A. B., & Buelow, M. T. (2017). Narcissism and performance on behavioral decision- making tasks. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 30, 3–14.
Brunell, A. B., Staats, S., Barden, J., & Hupp, J. M. (2011). Narcissism and academic dishonesty: The exhibitionism dimension and the lack of guilt. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 323–328.
Buelow, M. T., & Brunell, A. B. (2014). Facets of grandiose narcissism predict involvement in health-risk behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 193–198.
Burt, S. A., Donnellan, M. B., & Tackett, J. L. (2012). Should social aggression be considered “antisocial”? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34, 153–163.
Bushman, B. J., Bonacci, A. M., van Dijk, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003). Narcissism, sexual refusal, and aggression: Testing a narcissistic reactance model of sexual coercion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1027–1040.
Butler, G. K. L., & Montgomery, A. M. J. (2004). Impulsivity, risk taking and recreational ‘ecstasy’ (MDMA) use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76, 55–62.
Buyl, T., Boone, C., & Wade, J. B. (in press). CEO narcissism, risk-taking, and resilience: An empirical analysis in U.S. commercial banks. Journal of Management.
Cale, E. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2006). Psychopathy factors and risk for aggressive behavior: A test of the “threatened egotism” hypothesis. Law and Human Behavior, 30, 51–74.
Campbell, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a new self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83, 29–45.
Campbell, W. K., Bush, C. P., Brunell, A. B., & Shelton, J. (2005). Understanding the social costs of narcissism: The case of the tragedy of the commons. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1358–1368.
Campbell, W. K., Goodie, A. S., & Foster, J. D. (2004). Narcissism, confidence, and risk attitude. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 17, 297–311.
Carre, J. R., & Jones, D. N. (2016). The impact of social support and coercion salience on dark triad decision-making. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 92–95.
Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319–333.
Casale, S., Fioravanti, G., & Rugai, L. (2016). Grandiose and vulnerable narcissists: Who is at higher risk for social networking addiction? Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 19, 510–515.
Chatterjee, A., & Hambrick, D. C. (2007). It’s all about me: Narcissistic CEOs and their effects on company strategy and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52, 351–386.
Crone, E. A., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., & Peper, J. S. (2016). Annual research review: Neural contributions to risk-taking in adolescence-developmental changes and individual differences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 353–368.
Crysel, L. C., Crosier, B. S., & Webster, G. D. (2013). The dark triad and risk behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 35–40.
Dakanalis, A., Clerici, M., & Carra, G. (2015). Narcissistic vulnerability and grandiosity as mediators between insecure attachment and future eating disordered behaviors: A prospective analysis of over 2,000 freshman. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72, 279–292.
Davis, C., Karvinen, K., & McCreary, D. R. (2005). Personality correlates of a drive for muscularity in young men. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 349–359.
Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2, 491–569.
Duchon, D., & Drake, B. (2009). Organizational narcissism and virtuous behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 85, 301–308.
Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2001). Narcissism and motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 216–219.
Fanti, K. A., Demetriou, A. G., & Hawa, V. V. (2012). A longitudinal study of cyberbullying: Examining risk and protective factors. The European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 168–181.
Fanti, K. A., & Kimonis, E. R. (2012). Bullying and victimization: The role of conduct problems and psychopathic traits. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22, 617–631.
Figner, B., Mackinlay, R. J., Wilkening, F., & Weber, E. U. (2009). Affective and deliberative processes in risky choice: Age differences in risk-taking in the Columbia card task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 709–730.
Foster, J. D., Misra, T. A., & Reidy, D. E. (2009). Narcissists are approach-oriented toward their money and their friends. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 764–769.
Foster, J. D., Shenesey, J. W., & Goff, J. S. (2009). Why do narcissists take more risks? Testing the roles of perceived risks and benefits of risky behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 885–889.
Foster, J. D., Shrira, I., & Campbell, W. K. (2006). Theoretical models of narcissism, sexuality, and relationship commitment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23, 367–386.
Foster, J. D., & Trimm, R. F. (2008). On being eager and uninhibited: Narcissism and approach- avoidance motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1004–1017.
Franken, I. H. A. (2002). Behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity predicts alcohol craving. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 349–355.
Franken, I. H. A., & Muris, P. (2006). BIS/BAS personality characteristics and college students’ substance use. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1497–1503.
Geel, M., Toprak, F., Goemans, A., Zwaanswijk, W., & Vedder, P. (2017). Are youth psychopathic traits related to bullying? Meta-analyses on callous-unemotional traits, narcissism, and impulsivity. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48, 768–777.
Gordon, K. H., & Dombeck, J. J. (2010). The associations between two facets of narcissism and eating disorder symptoms. Eating Behaviors, 11, 288–292.
Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 8, 249–266.
Grubbs, J. B., & Exline, J. J. (2016). Trait entitlement: A cognitive-personality source of vulnerability to psychological distress. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 1204–1226.
Hawk, S. T., ter Bogt, T. F. M., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., & Nelemans, S. A. (2015). Too little power, too much information! Power, narcissism, and adolescents’ disclosures on social networking sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 72–80.
Heisel, M. J., Links, P. S., Conn, D., van Reekum, R., & Flett, G. L. (2007). Narcissistic personality and vulnerability to late-life suicidality. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 734–741.
Hill, E. M. (2016). The role of narcissism in health-risk and health-protective behaviors. Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 2021–2032.
Hosker-Field, A. M., Molnar, D. S., & Book, A. S. (2016). Psychopathy and risk taking: Examining the role of risk perception. Personality and Individual Differences, 91, 123–132.
Hudek-Knezevic, J., Kardum, I., & Mehic, N. (2016). Dark triad traits and health outcomes: An exploratory study. Psychological Topics, 25, 129–156.
Johnson, E. N., Kuhn, J. R., Apostolou, B. A., & Hassell, J. M. (2013). Auditory perceptions of client narcissism as fraud attitude risk factor. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 32, 203–219.
Jonason, P. K., Baughman, H. M., Carter, G. L., & Parker, P. (2015). Dorian gray without his portrait: Psychological, social, and physical health costs associated with the dark triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 78, 5–13.
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., Webster, G. W., & Schmitt, D. P. (2009). The dark triad: Facilitating short-term mating in men. European Journal of Personality, 23, 5–18.
Jonason, P. K., Luevano, V. X., & Adams, H. M. (2012). How the dark triad predicts relationship choices. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 180–184.
Jonason, P. K., & Tost, J. (2010). I just cannot control myself: The dark triad and self control. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 611–615.
Jonason, P. L., Koenig, B. L., & Tost, J. (2010). Living a fast life: The dark triad and life history theory. Human Nature, 21, 428–442.
Jones, D. N. (2013). What’s mine is mine and what’s yours is mine: Psychopathy, narcissism, and gambling with your neighbor’s money. Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 563–571.
Jones, D. N. (2014). Risk in the face of retribution: Psychopathic individuals persist in financial misbehavior among the dark triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 109–113.
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Different provocations provoke aggression in psychopaths and narcissists. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 12–18.
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011). The role of impulsivity in the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 679–682.
Ju, C., Ji, M., Lan, J., & You, X. (2017). Narcissistic personality and risk perception among Chinese aviators: The mediating role of promotion focus. International Journal of Psychology, 52, 1–8.
Kim, E. J., Namkoong, K., Ku, T., & Kim, S. J. (2008). The relationship between online game addiction and aggression, self-control and narcissistic personality traits. European Psychiatry, 23, 212–218.
Kosson, D. S., Kelly, J. C., & White, J. W. (1997). Psychopathy-related traits predict self- reported sexual aggression among college men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 241–254.
Lakey, C. E., Rose, P., Campbell, W. K., & Goodie, A. S. (2008). Probing the link between narcissism and gambling: The mediating role of judgment and decision-making biases. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21, 113–137.
Lehoux, P. M., & Howe, N. (2007). Perceived non-shared environment, personality traits, family factors and developmental experiences in bulimia nervosa. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 47–66.
Leigh, B. C. (1999). Peril, chance, and adventure: Concepts of risk, alcohol use and risky behavior in young adults. Addiction, 94, 371–383.
Lejuez, C. W., Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Richards, J. B., Ramsey, S. E., Stuart, G. L., et al. (2002). Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk-taking: The balloon analogue risk task (BART). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8, 75–84.
Lesieur, H. R., & Rosenthal, R. J. (1991). Pathological gambling: A review of the literature. Journal of Gambling Studies, 7, 5–39.
Lichtenstein, M. B., Hinze, C. J., Emborg, B., Thomsen, F., & Hemmingsen, S. D. (2017). Compulsive exercise: Links, risks, and challenges faced. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 10, 85–95.
Luhtanen, R. K., & Crocker, J. (2005). Alcohol use in college students: Effects of level of self- esteem, narcissism, and contingencies of self-worth. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19, 99–103.
MacLaren, V. V., & Best, L. A. (2013). Disagreeable narcissism mediates an effect of BAS on addictive behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 2013, 101–105.
Malesza, M., & Ostaszewski, P. (2016). The utility of the dark triad model in the prediction of the self-reported and behavioral risk-taking behaviors among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 7–11.
Malta, L. S., Blanchard, E. B., & Freidenberg, B. M. (2005). Psychiatric and behavioral problems in aggressive drivers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1467–1484.
Martin, A. M., Benotsch, E. G., Perschbacher Lance, S., & Green, M. (2013). Transmission risk behaviors in a subset of HIV-positive individuals: The role of narcissistic personality features. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 256–260.
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Vize, C., Crowe, M., Sleep, C., Maples‐Keller, J. L., et al. (2017). Vulnerable narcissism is (mostly) a disorder of neuroticism. Journal of Personality, 86, 186–199.
Mouilso, E. R., & Calhoun, K. S. (2016). Personality and perpetration: Narcissism among college sexual assault perpetrators. Violence Against Women, 22, 1228–1242.
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4, 148–169.
Paul, E. K., McManus, B., & Hayes, A. (2000). “Hook ups”: Characteristics and correlates of college students’ spontaneous and anonymous sexual experiences. Journal of Sex Research, 37, 76–88.
Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. G. C., & Levy, K. N. (2009). Initial construction and validation of the pathological narcissism inventory. Psychological Assessment, 21, 365–379.
Raskin, R. N., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890–902.
Reijntjes, A., Vermande, M., Thomaes, S., Goossens, F., Olthof, T., Aleva, L., et al. (2016). Narcissism, bullying, and social dominance in youth: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 63–74.
Roeser, K., McGregor, V. E., Stegmaier, S., Matthew, J., Kubler, A., & Meule, A. (2016). The dark triad of personality and unethical behavior at different times of day. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 73–77.
Rose, P. (2007). Mediators of the association between narcissism and compulsive buying: The roles of materialism and impulse control. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 576–681.
Rose, P., & Campbell, W. K. (2004). Greatness feels good: A telic model of narcissism and subjective well-being. In F. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in psychology research (Vol. 31, pp. 1–15). Huntington, NY: Nova Science.
Rosenthal, R. J. (1986). The pathological gambler’s system for self-deception. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 2, 108–120.
Ruiz, J. M., Smith, T. W., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Distinguishing narcissism and hostility: Similarities and differences in interpersonal circumplex and five-factor correlates. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76, 537–555.
Salekin, R., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. (1996). A review and meta-analysis of the psychopathy checklist and psychopathy checklist-revised: Predictive validity of dangerousness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 3, 203–225.
Schreer, G. E. (2002). Narcissism and aggression: Is inflated self-esteem related to aggressive driving. North American Journal of Psychology, 4, 333–342.
Selkie, E. M., Fales, J. L., & Moreno, M. A. (2016). Cyberbullying prevalence among US middle and high school-aged adolescents: A systematic review and quality assessment. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58, 125–133.
Simmons, C. A., Lehmann, P., Cobb, N., & Fowler, C. R. (2005). Personality profiles of women and men arrested for domestic violence: An analysis of similarities and differences. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 41, 63–81.
Spano, L. (2001). The relationship between exercise and anxiety, obsessive-compulsiveness, and narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 87–93.
Specker, S. M., Carlson, G. A., Edmonson, K. M., Johnson, P. E., & Marcotte, M. (1996). Psychopathology in pathological gamblers seeking treatment. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12, 67–81.
Stenason, L., & Vernon, P. A. (2016). The dark triad, reinforcement sensitivity and substance use. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 59–63.
Tamborski, M., Brown, B. P., & Chowning, K. (2012). Self-serving bias or simply serving the self? Evidence for a dimensional approach to narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 942–946.
Tang, T. L. P., Chen, Y. J., & Sutarso, T. (2008). Bad apples in bad (business) barrels: The love of money, Machiavellianism, risk tolerance, and unethical behavior. Management Decision, 46, 243–263.
Trombly, D. R. C., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2017). The dark triad and disordered gambling. Current Psychology, 36, 740–746.
Vazire, S., & Funder, D. C. (2006). Impulsivity and the self-defeating behavior of narcissists. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 154–165.
Weber, E. U., Blais, A. R., & Betz, N. (2002). A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: Measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 15, 263–290.
Zeigler-Hill, V., Enjaian, B., & Essa, L. (2013). The role of narcissistic personality features in sexual aggression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 186–199.
Zerach, G. (2014). The associations between pathological narcissism, alexithymia and disordered eating attitudes among participants of pro-anorexic online communities. Eating and Weight Disorders, 19, 337–345.
Zerach, G. (2016a). The mediating role of emptiness and materialism in the association between pathological narcissism and compulsive buying. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14, 424–437.
Zerach, G. (2016b). Pathological narcissism, cyberbullying victimization and offending among homosexual and heterosexual participants in online dating websites. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 292–299.
Zisserson, R. N., & Palfai, T. P. (2007). Behavior activation system (BAS) sensitivity and reactivity to alcohol cues among hazardous drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 2178–2186.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Buelow, M.T., Brunell, A.B. (2018). Narcissism and Involvement in Risk-Taking Behaviors. In: Hermann, A., Brunell, A., Foster, J. (eds) Handbook of Trait Narcissism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_25
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-92170-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-92171-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)