Abstract
El-Nino refers to a large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction associated with the episodic warming in sea surface temperatures (SST) across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific. La Nina is an opposite event of El Niño which is termed as the episodic cooling of ocean SST in the central and east-central equatorial pacific. El Niño events are mostly associated with warm and dry conditions in southern and eastern inland areas of Australia, as well as Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and central Pacific islands such as Fiji, Tonga and Papua New Guinea. The inter-annual variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) has been linked to variations of Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) over the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans. ENSO events have a profound impact on summer monsoonal rainfall across India and most of the major droughts have occurred during El Niño events. However, its reverse is not always true. Previously El Niño had a strong association with droughts in India but this relationship has been weekend in recent years. El Niño conditions mostly coincide with a period of weak monsoon and rising temperatures in India and thus the probability of drought occurrence surges during El Nino events that could be disturbing for Indian crop production and water supply. Moreover, El Niño resulting in deficit rainfall tends to lower the summer crops production such as rice, sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds and therefore the outcome might be seen in form of high inflation rates and lower GDP due to high contribution of agriculture sector in Indian economy. This paper describes the occurrence of El Niño events, its impact on climate in different parts of world with special reference to Indian monsoon and crop production.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bhuvaneswari, K., Geethalakshmi, V., Lakshmanan, A., Srinivasan, R., & Sekhar, N. U. (2013). The impact of El Nino/Southern oscillation on hydrology and Rice productivity in the Cauvery Basin, India: Application of the soil and water assessment tool. Weather and Climate Extremes, 2, 39–47.
Gautam, H. R., Bhardwaj, M. L., & Rohitashw, K. (2013). Climate change and its impacts on plant diseases. Current Science, 105(12), 1685–1691.
Geethalakshmi, V., Yatagai, A., Palanisamy, K., & Umetsu, C. (2009). Impact of ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole on the north-east monsoon rainfall of Tamil Nadu state in India. Hydrological Processes, 23(4), 633–647.
Golden Gate Weather Services (2016). El Niño and La Niña Years and Intensities, URL: http://ggweather.com/enso/oni.htm.
Kane, R. P. (2006). Unstable ENSO relationship with Indian regional rainfall. International Journal of Climatology, 26(6), 771–783.
Kumar, K. K., Rajagopalan, B., Hoerling, M., Bates, G., & Cane, M. (2006). Unraveling the mystery of Indian monsoon failure during El Niño. Science, 314(5796), 115–119.
Manikandan, N., Chaudhary, J. L., Khavse, R., & Rao, V. U. M. (2016). El-niño impact on rainfall and food grain production in Chhattisgarh. Journal of Agrometeorology, 18(1), 142–145.
Patel, H. R., Lunagaria, M. M., Pandey, V., Sharma, P. K., Rao, B. B. and Rao, V. U. M. (2014). “El Niño episodes and agricultural productivity in Gujarat” Techn. Report No. 01/2014-15. Deparment of Agril Meteorology, AAU, Anand, Gujarat.
Prasad, R., Rao, V. U. M. and Rao, B. B. (2014). El Niño-Its Impact on Rainfall and Crop Productivity: A Case Study for Himachal Pradesh, Res. Bull. No. 1/2014, CSKHPKV, Palampur, HP and CRIDA, Hyderabad
Ramakrishna, Y. S., Singh, H. P., & Rao, G. N. (2003). Weather based indices for forecasting foodgrain production in India. Journal of Agrometeorology, 5(1), 1–11.
Rao, V. U. M., Subba, A. V. M., Bapuji, R. B., Ramana, R. B. V, Sravani, R. C. and Venkateswarlu, B., (2011), El Niño effect on climatic variability and crop production : A case study for Andhra Pradesh, research Bulletin No. 2/2011. Hyderabad: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture.
Rishma, C., & Katpatal, Y. B. (2016). Variability in rainfall and vegetation density as a response to ENSO events: A case study in Venna river basin of Central India. Journal of Agro meteorology, 18(2), 300–305.
Rojas, N., Yanyun Li, E., & Renato Cumani, N. (2014). Understanding the drought impact of El Niño on the global agricultural areas: An assessment using FAO’s agricultural stress index (ASI), Environment and natural resources management Series. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Saini, S., & Gulati, A. (2014). El Niño and Indian droughts-a scoping exercise, working paper 276, Indian Council for Research on international economic. New Delhi: Relations.
Selvaraju, R. (2003). Impact of El Niño-southern oscillation on Indian foodgrain production. International Journal of Climatology, 23(2), 187–206.
Shukla, J., & Mooley, D. (1987). Empirical prediction of the summer monsoon rainfall over India. Monthly Weather Review, 115, 695–703.
Sikka, D. R. (1980). Some aspects of the large scale fluctuations of summer monsoon rainfall over India in relation to fluctuations in the planetary and regional scale circulation parameters. Journal of Earth System Science, 89(2), 179–195.
WMO. (2014). El Niño/southern oscillation. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pandey, V., Misra, A.K., Yadav, S.B. (2019). Impact of El-Nino and La-Nina on Indian Climate and Crop Production. In: Sheraz Mahdi, S. (eds) Climate Change and Agriculture in India: Impact and Adaptation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90086-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90086-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90085-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-90086-5
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)