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Adverse Childhood Experiences: Past, Present, and Future

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Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan

Abstract

The introduction of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with the original ACE Study (Felitti et al., Am J Prev Med 14:245–258, 1998) transformed how people thought and worked across multiple disciplines. After more than 30,000 citations in research publications (CDC, Adverse childhood experiences journal articles by topic area. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childabuseandneglect/acestudy/journal.html, 2019), researchers and practitioners have increasingly acknowledged and addressed the importance of children’s early traumatic experiences throughout the lifespan. ACEs have a cumulative, dose-response effect on a wide range of health, mental health, behavioral, cognitive, social, and biomedical outcomes in later childhood and adulthood, increasing as the number of categories of ACEs increases. This chapter summarizes the historical and current understanding of ACEs and the multiple pathways by which they lead to physical, psychological, behavioral, and intergenerational harm. Despite attracting worldwide attention to childhood trauma over the past 22 years, ACE research has yet to be adopted in schools, policing, judicial systems, legislation, human services, and medical practice. Adopting universal trauma screening and primary prevention through work with parents, providers, educators, and other community members on how to effectively interact with and support children is critical in limiting the damage of ACEs and preventing future ACEs from occurring.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hamai Consulting, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    Tamara A. Hamai

  2. Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, San Diego, CA, USA

    Vincent J. Felitti

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  1. Tamara A. Hamai
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  2. Vincent J. Felitti
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Correspondence to Tamara A. Hamai .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute on Violence, Abuse, and Trauma, San Diego, CA, USA

    Robert Geffner

  2. Department of Psychology College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA

    Jacquelyn W. White

  3. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    L. Kevin Hamberger

  4. Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA

    Alan Rosenbaum

  5. Ethelyn R. Strong School of Social Work, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, USA

    Viola Vaughan-Eden

  6. Education and Research, Zero Abuse Project, St. Paul, MN, USA

    Victor I. Vieth

Section Editor information

  1. Institute on Violence, Abuse, and Trauma, San Diego, CA, USA

    Robert Geffner

  2. California School of Professional Psychology, Alliant International University, San Diego, CA, USA

    Robert Geffner

  3. Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA

    Jacquelyn W. White

  4. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    L. Kevin Hamberger

  5. Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA

    Alan Rosenbaum

  6. Ethelyn R. Strong School of Social Work, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, USA

    Viola Vaughan-Eden

  7. Education and Research, Zero Abuse Project, St. Paul, MN, USA

    Victor Vieth

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Hamai, T.A., Felitti, V.J. (2022). Adverse Childhood Experiences: Past, Present, and Future. In: Geffner, R., White, J.W., Hamberger, L.K., Rosenbaum, A., Vaughan-Eden, V., Vieth, V.I. (eds) Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89999-2_305

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