Skip to main content

History and Development of Cultural Competence Evaluation in Applied Psychology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cultural Competence in Applied Psychology

Abstract

Historically, the critical evaluation of the cultural competence construct is a movement that parallels its development. A number of critics have described numerous shortcomings of cultural competence theory and advocacy that are so fundamental as to cast serious doubts on its construct validity. The chapter highlights and summarizes criticisms that originate from semantic, logical/conceptual, empirical, philosophical, pedagogical, and best practices perspectives.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ali, A. H. (2015). Heretic: Why Islam needs a reformation now. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alizadeh, S., & Chavan, M. (2016). Cultural competence dimensions and outcomes: A systematic review of the literature. Health and Social Care in the Community, 24(6), e117–e130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allison, K. W., Crawford, I., Echemendia, R., Robinson, L., & Knepp, D. (1994). Human diversity and professional competence: Training in clinical and counseling psychology revisited. American Psychologist, 49, 792–796.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2003). Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. American Psychologist, 58, 377–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology. American Psychologist, 61 (4), 271–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arredondo, P., Rosen, D. C., Rice, T., Perez, P., & Tovar-Gamero, Z. G. (2005). Multicultural counseling: A 10-year content analysis of the Journal of Counseling and Development. Journal of Counseling and Development, 83, 155–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, D. R., & Israel, T. (2003). The future of multicultural counseling competence. In D. B. Pope-Davis, H. Coleman, W. Liu, & R. L. Toporek (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural competencies in counseling and psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, J. R., Faulkner, S. L., Hecht, M. L., & Lindsley, S. L. (2006). Redefining culture: Perspectives across disciplines. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, J. R., & Lindsley, S. L. (1994). Conceptualizations of culture. Tempe, AZ: Urban Studies Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benish, S. G., Quintana, S., & Wampold, B. E. (2011). Culturally adapted psychotherapy and the legitimacy of myth: A direct-comparison meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 279–289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, B. (2015). Logically fallacious: The ultimate collection of over 300 logical fallacies. Sudbury, MA: Archieboy Holdings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benuto, L. T., Casas, J. B., & O’Donohue, W. (2018). Training culturally competent psychologists: A systemic review of the training outcome literature. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benuto, L., Casas, J., & O’Donohue, W. (2018). Training psychologists to be culturally competent providers: A systematic review of the literature. Training and Education in Professional Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernal, G., & Scharrón-del-Río, M. R. (2001). Are empirically supported treatments valid for ethnic minorities? Toward an alternative approach for treatment research. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7, 328–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhard, G., Knibbe, R. A., von Wolff, A., Dingoyan, D., Schulz, H., & Mösko, M. (2015). Development and psychometric evaluation of an instrument to assess cross-cultural competence of healthcare professionals. PLoS One, 10(12). Accessed June 2017, from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0144049&type=printable

  • Bhui, K., Warfa, N., Edonya, P., McKenzie, K., & Bhugra, D. (2007). Cultural competence in mental health care: A review of model evaluations. BMC Health Services Research, 7, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braden, J. P., & Shah, K. G. (2005). A critique of multicultural training in school psychology: Rationale, strategies, and tactics. In C. L. Frisby & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of multicultural school psychology (pp. 1023–1047). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., Kim, S., & Brown, A. C. (2002). Longitudinal pathways to competence and psychological adjustment among African American children living in rural single-parent households. Child Development, 73, 1505–1516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brookfield, S. D. (2012). Teaching for critical thinking. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabral, R. R., & Smith, T. B. (2011). Racial/ethnic matching of clients and therapists in mental health services: A meta-analytic review of preferences, perceptions, and outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 537–554.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2014). Improving cultural comptence (Treatment Improvement Protocol Series, No. 59). Rockville, MD: US Subtance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, M. (2014). Principles of scientific methods. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, H. L. K. (1998). General and multicultural counseling competency: Apples and oranges? Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 26, 147–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Constantine, M. G. (2001). Predictors of observer ratings of multicultural counseling competence in Black, Latino, and White American trainees. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 456–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Constantine, M. G., & Ladany, N. (2000). Self-report multicultural counseling competence scales: Their relation to social desirability attitudes and multicultural case conceptualization ability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 155–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costantino, G., Malgady, R. G., & Rogler, L. H. (1986). Cuento therapy: A culturally sensitive modality for Puerto Rican children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(5), 639–645.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, N. A. & O’Donohue, W. T. (2005). Psychology’s surrender to political correctness. In R.H. Wright & N.A. Cummings (Eds.), Destructive treands in mental health: The well intentioned path to harm (pp. 3–28). New York: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Andrea, M., & Daniels, J. (2001). Expanding our thinking about white racism: Facing the challenge of multicultural counseling in the 21st century. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (2nd ed., pp. 289–310). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Andrea, M., Daniels, J., & Heck, R. (1990). The multicultural awareness-knowledge-skills survey. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii-Manoa.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeAngelis, T. (2015). In search of cultural competence. Monitor on Psychology, 46(3), 64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreher, M., & Macnaughton, N. (2002). Cultural competence in nursing: Foundation or fallacy? Nursing Outlook, 50, 181–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eddey, G. E., & Robey, K. L. (2005). Considering the culture of disability in cultural competence education. Academic Medicine, 80(7), 706–712.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, A. R., Jerome, L. M., & Atkinson, D. R. (1998). Reconceptualizing multicultural counseling: Universal healing conditions in a culturally specific context. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 525–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. J. (1993). Social desirability bias and the validity of indirect questioning. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 303–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flaherty, C. (2013, December 3). Taboo subject? Inside Higher Ed. Accessed June 2017, from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/12/03/black-professors-essay-raises-questions-why-she-was-investigated-after-offending

  • Frisby, C. (1996). The use of multidimensional scaling in the cognitive mapping of cultural difference judgments. School Psychology Review, 25(1), 77–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisby, C. L. (2005a). The politics of multiculturalism in school psychology: Part 1. In C. L. Frisby & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of multicultural school psychology (pp. 45–80). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisby, C. L. (2005b). The politics of multiculturalism in school psychology: Part 2. In C. L. Frisby & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of multicultural school psychology (pp. 81–134). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisby, C. L. (2009). Cultural competence in school psychology: Established or elusive construct? In T. B. Gutkin & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), The handbook of school psychology (4th ed., pp. 855–885). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisby, C. L. (2013). Meeting the psychoeducational needs of minority students: Evidence-based guidelines for school psychologists and other school personnel. New York: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Frisby, C. L. (2015). Helping minority children in school psychology: Failures, challenges, and opportunities. School Psychology Forum, 9(2), 74–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallegos, J. S., Tindall, C., & Gallegos, S. A. (2008). The need for advancement in the conceptualization of cultural competence. Advances in Social Work, 9(1), 51–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garson, G. D. (2014). The Delphi method in quantitative research. Asheboro, NC: Statistical Associates Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gay, B., & Weaver, S. (2011). Theory building and paradigms: A primer on the nuances of theory construction. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(2), 24–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, C. (2000). Available light: Anthropological reflections on philosophical topics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzales, N. A., Dumka, L. E., Millsap, R. E., Gottschall, A., McClain, D. B., Wong, J. J., & Kim, S. Y. (2012). Randomized trial of a broad preventive intervention for Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 1–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, L. (1994). Egalitarian fiction and collective fraud. Society, 31(3), 53–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, L. (2004). Intelligence: Is it the epidemiologists’ elusive ‘fundamental cause’ of social class inequalities in health? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(1), 174–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, L. (2005). Implications of cognitive differences for schooling within diverse societies. In C. L. Frisby & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of multicultural school psychology (pp. 517–554). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granello, D. H., Wheaton, J. E., & Miranda, A. (1998). Multicultural counseling competencies of practicing rehabilitation counselors. Rehabilitation Education, 12, 237–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, J., Parry, P., & Guerin, P. (2013). An investigation of culturally competent terminology in healthcare policy finds ambiguity and lack of definition. Australian Journal of Public Health, 37(3), 250–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graves, S. L., Herndon-Sobalvarro, A., Nichols, K., Aston, C., Ryan, A., Blefari, A., et al. (2016). Examining the effectiveness of a culturally adapted social-emotional intervention for African American males in an urban setting. School Psychology Quarterly, 32(1), 62–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griner, D., & Smith, T. B. (2006). Culturally adapted mental health interventions: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice & Training, 43, 531–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, N. (2013). Why are professors liberal and why do conservatives care? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, G. C. N. (2001). Psychotherapy research with ethnic minorities: Empirical, ethnical, and conceptual issues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(3), 502–510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, N.D., Randazzo, K.V., Schwartz, A., Marshall, M., Kalis, D., et al. (2006). Do we practice what we preach? An exploratory survey of multicultural psychotherapy competencies. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 37(1), 66–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holcomb-McCoy, C.C. & Myers, J.E. (1999). Multicultural competence and counselor training: A national survey. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77(3), 294–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horvat, L., Horey, D., Romios, P., & Kis-Rigo, J. (2014). Cultural competence education for health professionals. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. Art No.: CD009405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009405.pub2.

  • Huey, S. J. (2013). A meta-analysis of culturally tailored versus generic psychotherapies. Paper presented at 121st annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huey, S. J., & Polo, A. J. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for ethnic minority youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 262–301.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Huey, S. J., Tilley, J. L., Jones, E. O., & Smith, C. A. (2014). The contribution of cultural competence to evidence-based care for ethnically diverse populations. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 305–338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. (1998, October). A critical review of a diversity column. Counseling Today, pp. 8, 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacoby, J. (2017, May 8). Freedom of speech, even in therapy. Accessed June 2017, from http://jewishworldreview.com/jeff/jacoby050817.php3

  • Jadhav, N. (2005). Untouchables: My family’s triumphant journey out of the caste system in modern India. New York: Scribner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R. (1992). Psychometric G and achievement. In B. R. Gifford & M. C. O’Connor (Eds.), Changing assessments: Alternative views of aptitude, achievement, and instruction (pp. 117–227). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R. (1998). The g factor: The science of mental ability. Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • John, S., & Segal, D. L. (2015). Case conceptualization. In R. L. Cautin & S. O. Lilienfeld (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. Accessed June 2017, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp106/abstract

  • Jones, J. M., Sander, J. B., & Booker, K. W. (2013). Multicultural competency building: Practical solutions for training and evaluating student progress. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 7(1), 12–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirmayer, L. J. (2012). Rethinking cultural competence. Transcultural Psychiatry, 49(2), 149–164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman, A., & Benson, P. (2006). Anthropology in the clinic: The problem of cultural competency and how to fix it. PLoS Medicine, 3(10.) Accessed June 2017 from, http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030294&type=printable

  • Klick, J., & Satel, S. (2006). The health disparities myth: Diagnosing the treatment gap. Washington, DC: AEI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kluckhohn, C., & Murray, H. A. (1953). Personality formation: The determinants. In C. Kluckhohn & H. A. Murray (Eds.), Personality in nature, society, and culture (pp. 35–48). New York: Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kogan, S. M., Brody, G. H., Molgaard, V. K., Grange, C. M., Oliver, D. A. H., Anderson, T. N., & Sperr, M. C. (2012). The strong African American families-teen trial: Rationale, design, engagement processes, and family-specific effects. Prevention Science, 13, 206–217.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kroeber, A., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions (p. 47). Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum. No. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumaş-Tan, Z., Beagan, B., Loppie, C., MacLeod, A., & Frank, B. (2007). Measures of cultural competence: Examining hidden assumptions. Academic Medicine, 82(6), 548–557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladany, N., Inman, A. G., Constantine, M. G., & Hofheinz, E. W. (1997). Supervisee multicultural case conceptualization ability and self-reported multicultural competence as functions of supervisee racial identity and supervisor focus. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 284–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaFromboise, T. D., Coleman, H. L. K., & Hernandez, A. (1991). Development and factor structure of the cross-cultural counseling inventory-revised. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 38–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langbert, M., Quain, A. J., & Klein, D. B. (2016). Faculty voter registration in economics, history, journalism, law, and psychology. Econ Journal Watch, 13(3), 422–451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, K. E., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2017). Cultural competence and social desirability among practitioners: A systematic review of the literature. Children and Youth Services Review, 76, 100–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, A. S., Chang, D. F., Okazaki, S., & Bernal, G. (2016). Psychotherapy outcome research with ethnic minorities: What is the agenda? In N. Zane, G. Bernal, & F. T. L. Leong (Eds.), Evidence-based psychological practice with ethnic minorities: Culturally informed research and clinical strategies (pp. 31–53). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, N. (2005, October 12). Academic strife: The American university in the slough of despond. Spiked. Accessed June 2017, from http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/626#.WTlh2IWcGUm

  • Lichter, I. (2009). Muslim women reformers: Inspiring voices against oppression. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilienfeld, S. O. (2017). Microaggressions: Strong claims, inadequate evidence. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(1), 138–169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lilienfeld, S. O., Ammirati, R., & David, M. (2012). Distinguishing science from pseudoscience in school psychology: Science and scientific thinking as safeguards against human error. Journal of School Psychology, 50, 7–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lilienfeld, S. O., Lynn, S. J., Ruscio, J., & Beyerstein, B. L. (2010). 50 great myths of popular psychology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • LoConto, D. G., & Francis, A. D. (2005). Cultural variation with European American families. In C. L. Frisby & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of multicultural school psychology (pp. 205–233). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, S. & Hernandez, P. (1986). How culture is considered in evaluations of psychopathology. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 174(10), 598–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, C., Lopez, V., Suarez-Morales, L., & Castro, F. G. (2005). Cultural variation within Hispanic American families. In C. L. Frisby & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of multicultural school psychology (pp. 234–264). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, S. B. (2003). The dangers of poor construct conceptualization. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 31(3), 323–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maramba, G. G. & Hall, G. C. N. (2002). Meta-analyses of ethnic match as a predictor of dropout, utilization, and level of functioning. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8, 290–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maranto, R., Redding, R. E., & Hess, F. M. (Eds.). (2009). The politically correct university: Problems, scope, and reforms. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxie, A.C., Arnold, D.H., & Stephenson, M. (2006). Do therapists address ethnic and racial differences in cross-cultural psychotherapy? Psychotherapy Theory, Research, and Practice, 43(1), 85–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McInerny, D. Q. (2004). Being logical: A guide to good thinking. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaelis, B. (1997). The wonderful diversity of American Indians. Children and Families, 16(4), 34–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minnesota Evidence-Based Practice Center. (2016). Improving cultural competence to reduce health disparities (Comparative Effectiveness Review, Number 170). Accessed June 2017, from https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/ehc/products/573/2206/cultural-competence-report-160327.pdf

  • Miranda, J., Bernal, G., Lau, A., Kohn, L., Hwang, W. C., & LaFromboise, T. (2005). State of the science on psychosocial interventions for ethnic minorities. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 113–142.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miranda, J., Chung, J. Y., Green, B. L., Krupnick, J., Siddique, J., Revicki, D. A., & Belin, T. (2003). Treating depression in predominantly low-income young minority women: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.1.57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mogul, P. (2016, February 27). India’s caste system: Everything you need to know about the Hindu social hierarchy. International Business Times. Accessed February 2017, from http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/indias-caste-system-everything-you-need-know-about-hindu-social-hierarchy-1546295

  • Naylor, L. (1998). American culture: Myth and reality of a culture of diversity. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Negy, C. (1999). A critical examination of selected perspectives in multicultural therapy and psychology. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 36, 2–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neville, H. A., Heppner, M. J., Louie, C. E., Thompson, C. E., Brooks, L., & Baker, C. E. (1996). The impact of multicultural training on White racial identity attitudes and therapy competencies. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27(1), 83–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nugent, P. (2013, April 7). Dustbowl empiricism. PsychologyDictionary.org. Accessed June 2017, from https://psychologydictionary.org/dustbowl-empiricism/

  • O’Donohue, W., & Benuto, L. (2010). The many problems of cultural sensitivity. The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 7(2), 34–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donohue, W., & Engle, J. L. (2013). Errors in psychological practice: Devising a system to improve client safety and well-being. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 44(5), 314–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services. (2016). Racial and ethnic disparities in special education: A multiyear disproportionality analysis by state, analysis category, and race/ethnicity. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paasche-Orlow, M. (2004). The ethics of cultural competence. Academic Medicine, 79(4), 347–350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. H. (2004). Do we need multicultural counseling competencies? Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 26(1), 67–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, K. (1914). The life, letters, and labours of Francis Galton. London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pew Research Center. (2016, April 26). A wider ideological gap between more and less educated adults. Pew Research Center. Accessed June 2017, from http://www.people-press.org/2016/04/26/a-wider-ideological-gap-between-more-and-less-educated-adults/

  • Phelps, R. P. (Ed.). (2009). Correcting fallacies about educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pieterse, A. L., Todd, N. R., Neville, H. A., & Carter, R. T. (2012). Perceived racism and mental health among Black American adults: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(1), 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ponterotto, J. G., Fuertes, J. N., & Chen, E. C. (2000). Models of multicultural counseling. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (3rd ed., pp. 639–669). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponterotto, J. G., Sanchez, C., & Magrids, D. (1991, August). Initial development and validation of the multicultural counseling awareness scale (MCAS-B). Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope-Davis, D. B., Liu, W. M., Toporek, R. L., & Brittan-Powell, C. S. (2001). What’s missing from multicultural competency research: Review, introspection, and recommendations. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7(2), 121–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pope-Davis, D. B., Toporek, R. L., Ortega-Villalobos, L., Ligiero, D. P., Brittan-Powell, C. S., Liu, W. M., et al. (2002). Client perspectives on multicultural counseling competence: A qualitative examination. The Counseling Psychologist, 30(3), 355–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popper, K. (2002). The logic of scientific discovery. New York: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, E. G., Beach, M. C., Gary, T. L., Robinson, K. A., Gozu, A., Palacio, A., et al. (2005). A systematic review of the methodological rigor of studies evaluating cultural competence training of health professionals. Academic Medicine, 80, 578–586.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Priester, P. E., Jones, J. E., Jackson-Bailey, C. M., Jana-Masri, A., Jordan, E. X., & Metz, A. J. (2008). An analysis of content and instructional strategies in multicultural counseling courses. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 36(1), 29–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratts, M. J., & Pedersen, P. B. (2014). Counseling for multiculturalism and social justice: Integration, theory, and application. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redding, R. E. (2001). Sociopolitical diversity in psychology: The case for pluralism. American Psychologist, 56(3), 205–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reyna, R. S. (2014). Exploring the association between social desirability and multicultural competence in school psychology. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Accessed June 2017, from https://uh-ir.tdl.org/uh-ir/bitstream/handle/10657/1447/REYNA-DISSERTATION-2014.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

  • Reynolds, A. L. (2011). Understanding the perceptions and experiences of faculty who teach multicultural counseling courses: An exploratory study. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 5(3), 167–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridley, C. R. (2005). Overcoming unintentional racism in counseling and therapy: A practitioner’s guide to intentional intervention (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridley, C. R., Mendoza, D. W., & Kanitz, B. E. (1994). Multicultural training: Reexamination, operationalization, and integration. The Counseling Psychologist, 22(2), 227–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, M. (2006). Exemplary multicultural training in school psychology programs. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(1), 115–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudow, H. (2013, January 9). Resolution of EMU case confirms ACA code of ethics, counseling profession’s stance against client discrimination. Counseling Today. Accessed June 2017, from https://ct.counseling.org/2013/01/resolution-of-emu-case-confirms-aca-code-of-ethics-counseling-professions-stance-against-client-discrimination/

  • Sarkar, S. (2014, December 5). Children bear the brunt of caste abuses in rural MP. Hindustan Times. Accessed February 2017, from https://web.archive.org/web/20141213194934/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bhopal/kids-bear-brunt-of-macabre-caste-abuses-in-rural-mp/article1–1293731.aspx

  • Satel, S. (2000). PC, M.D.: How political correctness is corrupting medicine. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satel, S., & Forster, G. (1996). Multicultural mental health: Does your skin color matter more than your mind? Washington, DC: Center for Equal Opportunity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satel, S. & Forster, G. (1999). Multicultural mental health: Does your skin color matter more than your mind? Washington, DC: Center for Equal Opportunity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schim, S. M., & Doorenbos, A. Z. (2010). A three-dimensional model of cultural congruence: Framework for intervention. Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life and Palliative Care, 6(3–4), 256–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, R. J., Ackerman, P. L., & Kanfer, R. (1996). To “act wisely in human relations:” Exploring the dimensions of social competence. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(4), 469–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skiba, R., Albrecht, S., & Losen, D. (2013). CCBD’s position summary on federal policy on disproportionality in special education. Behavior Disorders, 38(2), 108–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slaney, K. (2017). Validating psychological constructs: Historical, philosophical, and practical dimensions. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sleeper, J. (1997). Liberal racism. New York: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smallwood, S. (2005, May 27). University of Oregon backs off plan linking tenure and ‘cultural competency’ after faculty members balk. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Accessed June 2017, from http://www.chronicle.com/article/U-of-Oregon-Backs-Off-Plan/120343

  • Smith, G. T. (2005). On construct validity: Issues of method and measurement. Psychological Assessment, 17(4), 396–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. J. (2000). Culture: Reinventing the social sciences. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. B., Rodrίguez, M. D., & Bernal, G. (2011). Culture. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 166–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sober, E. (2015). Ockham’s razors: A user’s manual. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sodowsky, G., Kuo-Jackson, P., & Loya, G. (1997). Outcome of training in the philosophy of assessment: Multicultural counseling competencies. In D. Pope-Davis & H. Coleman (Eds.), Multicultural counseling competencies: Assessment, education and training, and supervision (pp. 3–42). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sodowsky, G. R., Taffe, R., Gutkin, T., & Wise, S. (1994). Development of the multicultural counseling inventory: A self-report measure of multicultural competencies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 137–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starnes, T. (2016, May 3). Missouri state booted student from counseling program over Christian beliefs, says lawsuit. Fox News Opinion. Accessed June 2017, from http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2016/05/03/missouri-state-booted-student-from-counseling-program-over-christian-beliefs-says-lawsuit.html

  • Steele, S. (2006). White guilt: How blacks and whites together destroyed the promise of the civil rights era. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuart, R. B. (2004). Twelve practical suggestions for achieving multicultural competence. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(1), 3–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Study.com. (2017). Construct validity in psychology: Definition & examples. Accessed May 2017, from http://study.com/academy/lesson/construct-validity-in-psychology-definition-examples-quiz.html

  • Sue, D. W. (2001). Multidimensional facets of cultural competence. The Counseling Psychologist, 29(6), 790–821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W. (2010). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender and sexual orientation. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Arredondo, P., & McDavis, R. J. (1992). Multicultural competencies/standards: A call to the profession. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 477–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Bernier, J. E., Durran, A., Feinberg, L., Pedersen, P., Smith, E. J., & Vasquez-Nuttall, E. (1982). Position paper: Cross-cultural counseling competencies. The Counseling Psychologist, 10, 45–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Lin, A. I., Torino, G. C., Capodilupo, C. M., & Rivera, D. P. (2009). Racial microaggressions and difficult dialogues on race in the classroom. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15, 183–190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Rasheed, M. N., & Rasheed, J. M. (2016). Multicultural social work practice: A competency-based approach to diversity and social justice (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2016). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, S. (1998). In search of cultural competence in psychotherapy and counseling. American Psychologist, 53(4), 440–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, S., & Zane, N. (2006). How well do both evidence-based practices and treatment as usual satisfactorily address the various dimensions of diversity? In J. C. Norcross, L. E. Biutler, & R. F. Levant (Eds.), Evidence-based practices in mental health: Debate and dialogue on the fundamental questions (pp. 329–374). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, S., Zane, N., Hall, G., & Berger, L. K. (2009). The case for cultural competency in psychotherapeutic interventions. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 525–548.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thao, P. (2005). Cultural variation within Southeast Asian American families. In C. L. Frisby & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of multicultural school psychology (pp. 173–204). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, K. R., & Weinrach, S. G. (2004). Mental health counseling and the AMCD multicultural counseling competencies: A civil debate. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 26(1), 41–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, K. R., & Wubbolding, R. E. (2009). Social justice, multicultural counseling, and counseling psychology research: A politically incorrect perspective. In A. M. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in psychology research (Vol. 59, pp. 279–287). New York: Nova Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toporek, R. L., Gerstein, L. H., Fouad, N. A., Roysircar, G., & Israel, T. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook for social justice in counseling psychology: Leadership, vision, and action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C. (2007). Culture and psychology: A history of the study of their relationship. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 59–76). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trimble, J. E. (2007). Prolegomena for the connotation of construct use in the measurement of ethnic and racial identity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 247–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, S. A. (1976). Introduction to cognitive anthropology. In F. F. C. Gamst & E. Norbeck (Eds.), Ideas of culture: Sources and uses (pp. 177–186). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity. A supplement to mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Washington, DC: Author.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • van Loon, A., van Schaik, A., Dekker, J., & Beekman, A. (2013). Bridging the gap for ethnic minority adult outpatients with depression and anxiety disorders by culturally adapted treatments. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1–3), 9–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vieten, C., Scammell, S., Pilato, R., Ammondson, I., Pargament, K. I., & Lukoff, D. (2013). Spiritual and religious competencies for psychologists. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(3), 129–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vontress, C. E., & Jackson, M. L. (2004). Reactions to the multicultural counseling competencies debate. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 26(1), 74–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wacker, J. G. (2008). A conceptual understanding of requirements for theory-building research: Guidelines for scientific theory building. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 44(3), 5–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinrach, S. G., & Thomas, K. R. (1996). The counseling profession’s commitment to diversity-sensitive counseling: A critical reassessment. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 472–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinrach, S. G., & Thomas, K. R. (2002). A critical analysis of the multicultural counseling competencies: Implications for the practice of mental health counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 24(1), 20–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinrach, S. G., & Thomas, K. R. (2004). The AMCD multicultural counseling competencies: A critically flawed initiative. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 26(1), 81–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, P. (2003). Diversity: The invention of a concept. San Francisco: Encounter Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worrell, F. (2005). Cultural variation within American families of African descent. In C. L. Frisby & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of multicultural school psychology (pp. 137–172). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, R. L., Mobley, M., Franks, R. P., & Tan, J. A. (2000). Multicultural counseling competencies: Verbal content, counselor attributions, and social desirability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 460–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, R. L., Soth-McNett, A. M., & Moreno, M. V. (2007). Multicultural counseling competencies research: A 20-year content analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(4), 351–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R. H., & Cummings, N. A. (2005). Destructive trends in mental health: A well-intentioned path to harm. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yancey, G. (2017). Compromising scholarship: Religious and political bias in American higher education. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoon, J. S., & Cheng, L. L. (2005). Cultural variation within East Asian American families. In C. L. Frisby & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of multicultural school psychology (pp. 265–302). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zane, N., Bernal, G., & Leong, F. T. (Eds.). (2016). Evidence-based psychological practice with ethnic minorities: Culturally informed research and clinical strategies. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Craig L. Frisby .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Frisby, C.L. (2018). History and Development of Cultural Competence Evaluation in Applied Psychology. In: Frisby, C., O'Donohue, W. (eds) Cultural Competence in Applied Psychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78997-2_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics