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Changing Patterns of Volunteering and Participation

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Scandinavian Civil Society and Social Transformations

Part of the book series: Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies ((NCSS))

Abstract

In this chapter, we investigate whether the Norwegian model of organizational participation and volunteering is changing due to exogenous processes of individualization, digitalization, and migration. Analyzing a varied set of data, including population surveys and qualitative case studies, some interesting and paradoxical results were discovered. Regarding the process of individualization, we identify the development of a more reflexive and individualized form of volunteering indicated by a loosening of membership bonds between individuals and voluntary organizations, a multiplication of arenas for volunteering, more short-term volunteering, and an increased self-oriented motivation for volunteering. However, we also observe stability in (high) levels, volumes and areas of volunteering (sport, leisure, and culture), and a continuing importance of local contexts for mobilizing volunteers. We see this stability as an indication of a rather successful, multifaceted reconfiguration of Norwegian civil society, in the sense that it adapts to new, more individualized motives and practices among volunteers. With regard to digitalization, we find digital media mainly to support participation and volunteering, both within and outside of traditional organizations by underpinning reflexive individualized volunteering and supporting traditional organizations informational services. With regard to immigration, analyses show lower levels of voluntary participation (tied to lower levels of education and income) among immigrants and their descendants and the formation of and larger participation in religious, immigrant- and culture-specific organizations and networks. Although these particular findings may indicate challenges for the traditional Norwegian model of volunteering in integrating the immigrant population, the overall trends found in this chapter are indicative of adaptation on the part of the Norwegian model to larger social processes of change.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Voluntary organizations also engage in welfare production in Norway, financed by the state, but to a more limited extent than elsewhere (cf. Trætteberg & Sivesind, 2015).

  2. 2.

    Funded through the Research Council of Norway, program VERDIKT, project Social Media and the New Public Sphere: Consequences for Democracy and Citizenship.

  3. 3.

    The comparison involves 12 countries: Norway, Sweden, Iceland, the UK, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand, Czech Republic, the Netherlands, the USA, Canada, and France.

  4. 4.

    Although the changes in volunteer rates between 2004 and 2009 and between 2009 and 2014 are substantial, considering margins of error and lack of weighty explanations for such variation, we hesitate to interpret the drop in 2009 as a substantial drop in the volunteer rate in the population.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway

    Ivar Eimhjellen & Bjarte Folkestad

  2. Institute for Social Research, Oslo, Norway

    Kari Steen-Johnsen

  3. Center for Welfare and Labor Research (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway

    Guro Ødegård

Authors
  1. Ivar Eimhjellen
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  2. Kari Steen-Johnsen
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  3. Bjarte Folkestad
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  4. Guro Ødegård
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Correspondence to Ivar Eimhjellen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institutt for Social Research, Oslo, Norway

    Bernard Enjolras

  2. Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

    Kristin Strømsnes

Appendix

Appendix

The Survey on Volunteer Work (Table 2.7)

Table 2.7 Overview of conducted surveys on voluntary work in Norway between 1998 and 2014
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Analysis Used in Chapter 2

Table 2.8 shows the results from logistic regression models (unstandardized coefficients) with volunteer participation as the dependent variable. Model 1 includes all 15 organization types in our surveys. Model 2 excludes the sports organizations, and we thus analyze the remaining 14 organization types using the same independent variables. Finally, in model 3, the sports organizations are included as a single category with a dependent variable distinguishing between those who had volunteered for a sports organization or not within the last 12 months. The multiple regression analyses show that, when excluding sports organizations, there are no longer any significant differences between men and women, there is no age category that dominates, and the effect of having children is no longer significant

Table 2.8 Results from logistic regression with volunteer participation as dependent variable
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Eimhjellen, I., Steen-Johnsen, K., Folkestad, B., Ødegård, G. (2018). Changing Patterns of Volunteering and Participation. In: Enjolras, B., Strømsnes, K. (eds) Scandinavian Civil Society and Social Transformations. Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77264-6_2

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