Abstract
Public debate on societal rhythms, in particular working hours, has been dominated by a (fear) scenario about a shift towards a 24/7 society. Factors such as the services- and information-driven economy, deregulation of opening hours, changes in the rhythms of consumer culture have been expected to disrupt “normal” working time. The term ‘24/7 society’ is part of the popular discussion and occasionally encountered in academic writing as well. 24/7-society is expected to create both new opportunities and new risks. In this chapter, we produce up-to-date literature review to examine how the post-industrial, services-dominated economy changes work and leisure time practices. This chapter also employs different data sources (e.g. European working conditions surveys from three decades as well as Time Use Surveys from selected countries) to assess empirically changes in timing of work and time use.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adam, B. (1995). Timewatch: The social analysis of time. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
Anttila, T., Oinas, T., & Nätti, J. (2009). Predictors of time famine among Finnish employees—Work, family or leisure? electronic International Journal of Time Use Research, 6(1), 73–91.
Beutell, N. (2010). Work schedule, work schedule control and satisfaction in relation to work-family conflict, work-family synergy, and domain satisfaction. Career Development International, 15, 501–518.
Bittman, M. (1998). The land of the lost long weekend? Trends in free time among working age Australians, 1974–1992. Loisir et société/Society and Leisure, 21(2), 353–378.
Bittman, M. (2005). Sunday working and family time. Labour & Industry: A journal of the social and economic relations of work, 16(1), 59–81.
Bittman, M., England, P., Sayer, L., Folbre, N., & Matheson, G. (2003). When does gender trump money? Bargaining and time in household work. American Journal of Sociology, 109(1), 186–214.
Bittman, M., & Wajcman, J. (2000). The rush hour: The character of leisure time and gender equity. Social Forces, 79(1), 165–189.
Castells, M. (2011). The rise of the network society: The information age: Economy, society, and culture (Vol. 1). Wiley.
Costa, G., & Sartori, S. (2007). Ageing, working hours and work ability. Ergonomics, 50(11), 1914–1930.
Craig, L. (2007). How employed mothers in Australia find time for both market work and childcare. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 28(1), 69–87.
Craig, L., & Brown, J. E. (2014). Weekend work and leisure time with family and friends: Who misses out? Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(4), 710–727.
Craig, L., & Brown, J. E. (2015). Nonstandard employment and nonwork activities, time alone and with others: Can weekend workers make up lost time? Journal of Industrial Relations, 57(1), 3–23.
Craig, L., & Mullan, K. (2010). Parenthood, gender and work-family time in the United States, Australia, Italy, France, and Denmark. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(5), 1344–1361.
Deem, R. (1996). No time for a rest? An exploration of women’s work, engendered leisure and holidays. Time & Society, 5(1), 5–25.
Durkheim, E. (2012). The elementary forms of the religious life. Courier Corporation.
Epstein, C. F., & Kalleberg, A. L. (2001). Time and the sociology of work issues and implications. Work and Occupations, 28(1), 5–16.
Eurofound. (2012). Fifth European working conditions survey. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Fagan, C., Lyonette C., Smith M., & Saldaña-Tejeda, A. (2012).The influences of working time arrangements on work-life integration or ‘balance’: A review of the international evidence. Conditions of Work and Employment, Series No. 32. ILO.
Fritz, C., Sonnentag, S., Spector, P. E., & McInroe, J. A. (2010). The weekend matters: Relationships between stress recovery and affective experiences. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(8), 1137–1162.
Garhammer, M. (2002). Pace of life and enjoyment of life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(3), 217–256.
Gershuny, J. (2000). Changing times: Work and leisure in postindustrial society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Glorieux, I., Mestdag, I., & Minnen, J. (2008). The coming of the 24-hour economy? Changing work schedules in Belgium between 1966 and 1999. Time & Society, 17(1), 63–83.
Goodin, R. E., Rice, J. M., Bittman, M., & Saunders, P. (2005). The time-pressure illusion: Discretionary time vs. free time. Social Indicators Research, 73(1), 43–70.
Härmä, M., & Kecklund, G. (2010). Shift work and health—How to proceed? Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 36(2), 81–84.
Hook, J. L. (2012). Working on the weekend: Fathers’ time with family in the United Kingdom. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(4), 631–642.
Hughes, E. L., & Parkes, K. R. (2007). Work hours and well-being: The roles of work-time control and work–family interference. Work & Stress, 21(3), 264–278.
Jacobs, J. A., & Gerson, K. (2001). Overworked individuals or overworked families? Explaining trends in work, leisure, and family time. Work and occupations, 28(1), 40–63.
Kümmerling, A., & Lehndorff, S. (2007). Extended and unusual working hours in European companies: Establishment survey on working time 2004–2005. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Liu, H., Wang, Q., Keesler, V., & Schneider, B. (2011). Non-standard work schedules, work–family conflict and parental well-being: A comparison of married and cohabiting unions. Social Science Research, 40(2), 473–484.
Mattingly, M. J., & Blanchi, S. M. (2003). Gender differences in the quantity and quality of free time: The US experience. Social Forces, 81(3), 999–1030.
Presser, H. (2003). Working in a 24/7 economy: Challenges for American families. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Reisch, L. A. (2001). Time and wealth. Time & Society, 10(2–3), 367–385.
Ruggiero, J. S. (2005). Health, work variables, and job satisfaction among nurses. Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(5), 254–263.
Ruppanner, L., & Treas, J. (2015). Working weekends: Changing European time regimes and gender inequality in household labor. Journal of Family Issues, 36(13), 1782–1809.
Schor, J. (1992). The overworked American: The unexpected decline of leisure. New York: Basic Books.
Sennett, R. (2011). The corrosion of character: The personal consequences of work in the new capitalism. WW Norton & Company.
Sorokin, P. (1943). Sociocultural causality, space and time. Durham: Duke University Press.
Southerton, D., & Tomlinson, M. (2005). Pressed for time’–the differential impacts of a ‘time squeeze. The Sociological Review, 53(2), 215–239.
Strazdins, L., Korda, R. J., Lim, L. L., Broom, D. H., & D’Souza, R. M. (2004). Around-the-clock: Parent work schedules and children’s well-being in a 24-h economy. Social Science and Medicine, 59(7), 1517–1527.
Sullivan, O. (1996). Time co-ordination, the domestic division of labour and affective relations: Time use and the enjoyment of activities within couples. Sociology, 30(1), 79–100.
Täht, K. (2011). Out of Sync? The determinants and consequences of nonstandard schedules for family cohesion: The Netherlands within a comparative perspective. Faculty of Social Sciences. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Free University Amsterdam.
Tammelin, M., Malinen, K., Rönkä, A., & Verhoef, M. (2017). Work schedules and work-family conflict among dual earners in Finland, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Journal of Family Issues, 38(1), 3–24.
Thompson, J. A., & Bunderson, J. S. (2001). Work-nonwork conflict and the phenomenology of time: Beyond the balance metaphor. Work and Occupations, 28(1), 17–39.
Warde, A. (1999). Convenience food, space and timing. British Food Journal, 101(7), 518–527.
Warren, T. (2010). Work time. Leisure time. On women’s temporal and economic well-being in Europe. Community, Work & Family, 13(4), 365–392.
Wheeler, S. (2014). Organised activities, educational activities and family activities: How do they feature in the middle-class family’s weekend? Leisure Studies, 33(2), 215–232.
Wirtz, A., Nachreiner, F., & Rolfes, K. (2011). Working on Sundays–effects on safety, health, and work-life balance. Chronobiology International, 28(4), 361–370.
Yeung, W. J., Sandberg, J. F., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Hofferth, S. L. (2001). Children’s time with fathers in intact families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(1), 136–154.
Zerubavel, E. (1981). Hidden rhythms: Schedules and calendars in social life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Zerubavel, E. (1989). The seven day circle: The history and meaning of the week. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Zuzanek, J. (2014). Sunday blues: Have Sunday time use and its emotional connotations changed over the past two decades? Time & Society, 23(1), 6–27.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Anttila, T., Oinas, T. (2018). 24/7 Society—The New Timing of Work?. In: Tammelin, M. (eds) Family, Work and Well-Being. SpringerBriefs in Well-Being and Quality of Life Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76463-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76463-4_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-76462-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-76463-4
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)