Abstract
This paper focuses on the early evidence of assemblages with bifacial tools , in particular their technology within the context of chronology and geography, focusing on the sites of La Noira , Arago levels P and Q and Cagny-la-Garenne I–II in France, Brandon Fields , Maidscross Hill , High Lodge and Boxgrove in the UK, and Notarchirico in Italy. Assemblages with bifacial tools, including Large Cutting Tools (LCTs), demonstrate a high diversity of technological and morphological features as early as 700 ka and are contemporary with non-handaxe assemblages. They also show specific features that contrast between northern and southern Europe, such as the use of large flakes for bifacial manufacture, or the presence of cleavers on flakes. Lack of data regarding a local origin and more elaborate bifaces in these sites indicate an early arrival of new traditions in western and southern Europe on a pre-existing hominin presence. The assemblages are compared to those without LCTs such as Happisburgh Site 3 and Pakefield in UK, Isernia La Pineta in Italy, Atapuerca Gran Dolina TD6 and Vallparadis in Spain, Pradayrol and Soleihac in France. Hypotheses on factors behind the variation , such as function, type of site, raw material constraint, and traditions of manufacture, are discussed. The period 800–500 ka is a key episode for examining behavioral changes which occurred in Europe. The discovery of hominin fossils such as the Mauer mandible in Germany led to the definition of Homo heidelbergensis. The emergence of new behaviors such as the ability to produce large flakes and/or large bifacial tools (handaxes, cleavers and others) leads to discussion about new skills, new social organizations, and the arrival or in situ evolution of hominins.
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Acknowledgements
This study is part of an ANR (Agence Nationale pour la Recherche n°2010 BLANC 2006 01) project and fieldwork and sampling at several sites in the northwest of France and England will provide new data on occupations along the paleo-Thames, Somme, and Loire Rivers before isotopic stage 12.
We would like to thank the two editors, Rosalia Gallotti and Margherita Mussi, to ask us to publish this paper and allow us developing our vision on the earliest evidence of the bifacial technology in Western Europe. We thank Craig Williams for the production of the map.
We would like to thank as well the three reviewers and again the two editors, Rosalia Gallotti and Margherita Mussi, for their relevant comments on this paper.
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Moncel, MH., Ashton, N. (2018). From 800 to 500 ka in Western Europe. The Oldest Evidence of Acheuleans in Their Technological, Chronological, and Geographical Framework. In: Gallotti, R., Mussi, M. (eds) The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa and Beyond. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75985-2_11
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