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Osteoporosis: Diagnosis and Management

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Pediatric Endocrinology

Abstract

Bone health is now recognized as an important facet of child health with sufficient evidence to support standardized approaches to diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, and prevention. Current management strategies are based on monitoring at-risk children to identify and then treat earlier rather than later signs of osteoporosis in those with limited potential for spontaneous recovery. Research studies addressing prevention of the first-ever fracture are still needed for children who have both a high likelihood of developing fractures and less potential for recovery.

This chapter focuses on the evidence that shapes the current approach to diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of osteoporosis in childhood, with emphasis on the key pediatric-specific biological principles that are pivotal to the overall approach and on the main questions with which clinicians struggle during routine care. The scope of this chapter is to review the manifestations of and risk factors for primary and secondary osteoporosis in children, to discuss the definition of pediatric osteoporosis, and to provide specific recommendations for monitoring and prevention. This chapter also reviews when a child is a candidate for osteoporosis therapy, which agents and doses should be prescribed, duration of therapy, how the response to therapy is evaluated, and side effects. With this information, the bone health clinician will be poised to diagnose osteoporosis in children, to identify when children need osteoporosis therapy and the clinical outcomes that gauge efficacy and safety of treatment.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the following programs and organizations: 1. LMW: the Canadian Institutions for Health Research Operating Grants Program, the Canadian Institutes for Health Research New Investigator Program, the Canadian Child Health Clinician Scientist Program, the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, the University of Ottawa Research Chair Program, and the CHEO Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery; JM: The CHEO Research Institute.

Conflict of Interest

LMW has been a consultant to Novartis, Amgen, and Alexion Pharmaceuticals and has participated in clinical trials sponsored by Novartis and Amgen. JM has no conflicts of interest to disclose.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatrics, Pediatric Bone Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Leanne M. Ward MD, FAAP, FRCPC

  2. Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Leanne M. Ward MD, FAAP, FRCPC

  3. School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Jinhui Ma PhD

  4. Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Jinhui Ma PhD

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  1. Leanne M. Ward MD, FAAP, FRCPC
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Correspondence to Leanne M. Ward MD, FAAP, FRCPC .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

    Sally Radovick

  2. Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Madhusmita Misra

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Ward, L.M., Ma, J. (2018). Osteoporosis: Diagnosis and Management. In: Radovick, S., Misra, M. (eds) Pediatric Endocrinology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73782-9_24

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