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Distribution of Pathogens and Outbreak Fungi in the Fungal Kingdom

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Emerging and Epizootic Fungal Infections in Animals

Abstract

Over 625 fungal species have been reported to cause infection in vertebrates. The fungal kingdom contains 167 orders, of which 40 (24%) were repeatedly cited in the medical literature. Recurrence indicates that these species have a certain predisposition to cause infection. In the present chapter, the different categories of pathogens and outbreak fungi are presented and discussed. Most emerging fungi concern infections that are non-transmissible; their frequency may show moderate increase due to changes of host conditions. Outbreaks may concern multiple infections from a common environmental source, known as sapronoses. When their life cycle has an invasive phase with adaptations to reside inside host tissue, the fungi are referred to as environmental pathogens. Host-to-host transmission occurs in zoophilic pathogens, which have no environmental phase. This kind of fungi is responsible for mycoses which may occur with changes in host factors and when naive host populations are exposed to novel fungal genotypes. The most dramatic transmissible mycoses are expected with a combination of host and fungal changes. Successful outbreak fungi are recognizable by low genetic diversity.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to Matthew Fisher for constructive discussions and comments on the text.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Expertise in Mycology RadboudUMC/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    G. Sybren de Hoog

  2. Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    G. Sybren de Hoog & Sarah A. Ahmed

  3. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy

    Patrizia Danesi

  4. Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, EnvA, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France

    Jacques Guillot

  5. Nationales Konsiliarlabor für Dermatophyten, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsmedizin Berlin – Charité, Berlin, Germany

    Yvonne Gräser

  6. Dynamyc Research Group, EnvA, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France

    Jacques Guillot

Authors
  1. G. Sybren de Hoog
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  2. Sarah A. Ahmed
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  3. Patrizia Danesi
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  4. Jacques Guillot
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  5. Yvonne Gräser
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to G. Sybren de Hoog .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi

  2. Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    G. Sybren de Hoog

  3. Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, EnvA, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France

    Jacques Guillot

  4. Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Paul E. Verweij

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de Hoog, G.S., A. Ahmed, S., Danesi, P., Guillot, J., Gräser, Y. (2018). Distribution of Pathogens and Outbreak Fungi in the Fungal Kingdom. In: Seyedmousavi, S., de Hoog, G., Guillot, J., Verweij, P. (eds) Emerging and Epizootic Fungal Infections in Animals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72093-7_1

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