Abstract
In February 2016, Government of Nepal’s Ministry of Population and Environment submitted the country’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Early on in the report, the INDC mentions, “In Nepal’s Himalaya, total estimated ice reserve between 1977 and 2010 decreased by 29% (129 km3). The number of glacier lakes increased by 11% and glaciers recede on an average by 38 km2 per year.” The INDC makes no reference to the study that made this claim, but subsequent literature search revealed that the Kathmandu-based International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development had completed the study.
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Notes
- 1.
Bajracharya, S.R.; Maharjan, S.B.; Shrestha, F.; Bajracharya, O.R.; Baidya, S. (2014) Glacier status in Nepal and decadal change from 1980 to 2010 based on land sat data. Kathmandu: ICIMOD.
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Sharma, B. and Vyas, S. (2013). Moving from water problems to water solution: An overview of the constraints and opportunities in the Eastern Gangetic plains. Water problems to water solution. Moving from water problems to water solutions: Research needs assessment for the Eastern Gangetic Plains. New Delhi: International Workshop.
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Ibid.
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Shah, T. (2013). Research to lead development in Eastern Gangetic Plains: Some lessons from a decade of IWMI-Tata water policy. Water problems to water solutions. Moving from water problems to water solutions: Research needs assessment for the Eastern Gangetic Plains. New Delhi: International Workshop.
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Pun S. B. (2004) Overview Conflict over the Ganga? In Disputes over The Ganga, A Look at Potential Water Related conflicts in South Asia ed Subba B and Pradhan K. Panos South Asia, Kathmandu.
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
- 10.
Carson, B.(1986). Erosion and sedimentation processes in the Himalayas. Occasional paper No. 1. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD).
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Wolf, A. T., Natharius, J. Danielson, J., Ward, B. and Pender, J. (1999). International river basins of the world. Int. J. Water Resource. Dev., 15(4), 387–427.
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UNESCO (2009). Atlas of transboundary aquifers: Global maps, regional cooperation, and local inventories. Paris, France: UNESCO International Hydrological Programme.
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Dixit, A, Gyawali, D., & Pandey, U. (2012). Improved access to safe drinking water, sanitation and health: Foundations for adapting to climate change impacts in Nepal. In V. I. Grover (Ed.), Impact of climate change on water and health (pp. 200–247). USA: CRC Press.
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Moench, M. (2003). Groundwater and poverty: Exploring the connections, intensive use of groundwater: Challenges and opportunities, Llamas, R., Custodio, E., Lisse, A. and Balkema, A. (Eds.), 441–156.
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Ibid.
- 16.
Behera, N. and Rizvi, G, (1998). Beyond the boundaries: A report on the state of non-official dialogues on peace, security and co-operation in South Asia. Toronto and New York: Governing council of the University of Toronto and the Board of Governor of York University.
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Guha R. (2013). The past & present of Indian environmentalism. The Hindu.
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Bottral, A. (1992). Fits and misfits over time and space: Technologies and institutions of water development for South Asian Agriculture. Contemporary South Asia, 1 (2), 227–247.
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Worster, D.(1985). Rivers of empire: Aridity and growth of the American West. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Ibid.
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Whitcombe, E. (1983). Irrigation and railways. The Cambridge economic history of India, Kumar, D. (Ed.), 2. Cambridge.
- 24.
Dixit, A., Adhikari, P. and Thapa, R. R. (2004). Nepal: Ground realities for Himalayan water management. Disputes over the Ganga. Kathmandu: Panos Institute of South Asia.
- 25.
Ibid.
- 26.
Dixit, A (2009). Koshi Embankment Breach in Nepal; Need for a Paradigm Shift in Responding to Floods Economic and Political Weekly.
- 27.
MacClune, K., Venkateswaran, K., Dixit, K. M. Yadav, S., Maharjan, R., and Dugar, S. (2014) Risk Nexus Urgent case for recovery: what we can learn from the August 2014 Karnali River floods in Nepal Zurich Insurance Group Ltd and ISET-International.
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Moench, M., Dixit, A., Janakarajan, S., Rathore, M. S. and Mudrakartha, S., (2003) The Fluid Mosaic: Water Governance in the Context of Variability, Uncertainty and Change: ISET and NWCF.
- 29.
Ibid.
- 30.
Imtiaz A., Dixit, A., and Nandy, A. (1997). South Asian manifesto on water, power and people: RCSS Colombo.
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Dixit, A. (2018). Trans-Boundary Water Governance in South Asia: The Beginning of a New Journey. In: Ahmed, I. (eds) South Asian Rivers. The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67374-5_5
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