Abstract
We generalize the Knuth–Bendix order (KBO) to higher-order terms without \(\lambda \)-abstraction. The restriction of this new order to first-order terms coincides with the traditional KBO. The order has many useful properties, including transitivity, the subterm property, compatibility with contexts (monotonicity), stability under substitution, and well-foundedness. Transfinite weights and argument coefficients can also be supported. The order appears promising as the basis of a higher-order superposition calculus.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Andrews, P.B., Cohen, E.L.: Theorem proving in type theory. In: Reddy, R. (ed.) IJCAI 1977, p. 566. William Kaufmann (1977)
Aoto, T., Yamada, T.: Termination of simply typed term rewriting by translation and labelling. In: Nieuwenhuis, R. (ed.) RTA 2003. LNCS, vol. 2706, pp. 380–394. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). doi:10.1007/3-540-44881-0_27
Baader, F., Nipkow, T.: Term Rewriting and All That. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1998)
Backes, J., Brown, C.E.: Analytic tableaux for higher-order logic with choice. J. Autom. Reasoning 47(4), 451–479 (2011)
Banâtre, J.-P., Fradet, P., Radenac, Y.: Generalised multisets for chemical programming. Math. Struct. Comput. Sci. 16(4), 557–580 (2006)
Becker, H., Blanchette, J.C., Waldmann, U., Wand, D.: Formalization of Knuth-Bendix orders for lambda-free higher-order terms. Archive of Formal Proofs (2016). Formal proof development, https://isa-afp.org/entries/Lambda_Free_KBOs.shtml
Becker, H., Blanchette, J.C., Waldmann, U., Wand, D.: Transfinite Knuth-Bendix orders for lambda-free higher-order terms. Tech. report (2017), http://cs.vu.nl/~jbe248/lambda_free_kbo_rep.pdf
Beeson, M.: Lambda logic. In: Basin, D., Rusinowitch, M. (eds.) IJCAR 2004. LNCS, vol. 3097, pp. 460–474. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-25984-8_34
Benzmüller, C., Kohlhase, M.: Extensional higher-order resolution. In: Kirchner, C., Kirchner, H. (eds.) CADE 1998. LNCS, vol. 1421, pp. 56–71. Springer, Heidelberg (1998). doi:10.1007/BFb0054248
Benzmüller, C., Miller, D.: Automation of higher-order logic. In: Siekmann, J.H. (ed.) Computational Logic. Handbook of the History of Logic, vol. 9, pp. 215–254. Elsevier (2014)
Blanchette, J.C., Fleury, M., Traytel, D.: Formalization of nested multisets, hereditary multisets, and syntactic ordinals. Archive of Formal Proofs (2016). Formal proof development, https://isa-afp.org/entries/Nested_Multisets_Ordinals.shtml
Blanchette, J.C., Hölzl, J., Lochbihler, A., Panny, L., Popescu, A., Traytel, D.: Truly modular (Co)datatypes for Isabelle/HOL. In: Klein, G., Gamboa, R. (eds.) ITP 2014. LNCS, vol. 8558, pp. 93–110. Springer, Cham (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08970-6_7
Blanchette, J.C., Kaliszyk, C., Paulson, L.C., Urban, J.: Hammering towards QED. J. Formalized Reasoning 9(1), 101–148 (2016)
Blanchette, J.C., Nipkow, T.: Nitpick: a counterexample generator for higher-order logic based on a relational model finder. In: Kaufmann, M., Paulson, L.C. (eds.) ITP 2010. LNCS, vol. 6172, pp. 131–146. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14052-5_11
Blanchette, J.C., Waldmann, U., Wand, D.: Formalization of recursive path orders for lambda-free higher-order terms. Archive of Formal Proofs (2016). Formal proof development, https://isa-afp.org/entries/Lambda_Free_RPOs.shtml
Blanchette, J.C., Waldmann, U., Wand, D.: A lambda-free higher-order recursive path order. In: Esparza, J., Murawski, A.S. (eds.) FoSSaCS 2017. LNCS, vol. 10203, pp. 461–479. Springer, Heidelberg (2017). doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54458-7_27
Blanqui, F., Jouannaud, J.-P., Rubio, A.: The computability path ordering. Log. Meth. Comput. Sci. 11(4) (2015)
Bofill, M., Borralleras, C., Rodríguez-Carbonell, E., Rubio, A.: The recursive path and polynomial ordering for first-order and higher-order terms. J. Log. Comput. 23(1), 263–305 (2013)
Bofill, M., Rubio, A.: Paramodulation with non-monotonic orderings and simplification. J. Autom. Reasoning 50(1), 51–98 (2013)
Dershowitz, N., Manna, Z.: Proving termination with multiset orderings. Commun. ACM 22(8), 465–476 (1979)
Ferreira, M.C.F., Zantema, H.: Well-foundedness of term orderings. In: Dershowitz, N., Lindenstrauss, N. (eds.) CTRS 1994. LNCS, vol. 968, pp. 106–123. Springer, Heidelberg (1995). doi:10.1007/3-540-60381-6_7
Giesl, J., Thiemann, R., Schneider-Kamp, P.: Proving and disproving termination of higher-order functions. In: Gramlich, B. (ed.) FroCoS 2005. LNCS, vol. 3717, pp. 216–231. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). doi:10.1007/11559306_12
Henkin, L.: Completeness in the theory of types. J. Symb. Log. 15(2), 81–91 (1950)
Hirokawa, N., Middeldorp, A., Zankl, H.: Uncurrying for termination and complexity. J. Autom. Reasoning 50(3), 279–315 (2013)
Huet, G., Oppen, D.C.: Equations and rewrite rules: a survey. In: Book, R.V. (ed.) Formal Language Theory: Perspectives and Open Problems, pp. 349–405. Academic Press (1980)
Huet, G.P.: A mechanization of type theory. In: Nilsson, N.J. (ed.) International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 1973), pp. 139–146. William Kaufmann (1973)
Hughes, R.J.M.: Super-combinators: a new implementation method for applicative languages. In: LFP 1982, pp. 1–10. ACM Press (1982)
Jouannaud, J.-P., Rubio, A.: Polymorphic higher-order recursive path orderings. J. ACM 54(1), 2:1–2:48 (2007)
Kennaway, R., Klop, J.W., Sleep, M.R., de Vries, F.: Comparing curried and uncurried rewriting. J. Symbolic Comput. 21(1), 15–39 (1996)
Knuth, D.E., Bendix, P.B.: Simple word problems in universal algebras. In: Leech, J. (ed.) Computational Problems in Abstract Algebra, pp. 263–297. Pergamon Press (1970)
Kop, C.: Higher Order Termination. Ph.D. thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (2012)
Kop, C., Raamsdonk, F.: A higher-order iterative path ordering. In: Cervesato, I., Veith, H., Voronkov, A. (eds.) LPAR 2008. LNCS, vol. 5330, pp. 697–711. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-89439-1_48
Kovács, L., Moser, G., Voronkov, A.: On transfinite Knuth-Bendix orders. In: Bjørner, N., Sofronie-Stokkermans, V. (eds.) CADE 2011. LNCS, vol. 6803, pp. 384–399. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22438-6_29
Kovács, L., Voronkov, A.: First-order theorem proving and Vampire. In: Sharygina, N., Veith, H. (eds.) CAV 2013. LNCS, vol. 8044, pp. 1–35. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39799-8_1
Lifantsev, M., Bachmair, L.: An LPO-based termination ordering for higher-order terms without \(\lambda \)-abstraction. In: Grundy, J., Newey, M. (eds.) TPHOLs 1998. LNCS, vol. 1479, pp. 277–293. Springer, Heidelberg (1998). doi:10.1007/BFb0055142
Löchner, B.: Things to know when implementing KBO. J. Autom. Reasoning 36(4), 289–310 (2006)
Ludwig, M., Waldmann, U.: An extension of the Knuth-Bendix ordering with LPO-like properties. In: Dershowitz, N., Voronkov, A. (eds.) LPAR 2007. LNCS, vol. 4790, pp. 348–362. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75560-9_26
McCune, W.: Otter 3.3 reference manual. Technical. Report 263 (2003)
Nieuwenhuis, R., Rubio, A.: Paramodulation-based theorem proving. In: Robinson, J.A., Voronkov, A. (eds.) Handbook of Automated Reasoning, vol. I, pp. 371–443. Elsevier and MIT Press (2001)
Nipkow, T., Wenzel, M., Paulson, L.C. (eds.): Isabelle/HOL: A Proof Assistant for Higher-Order Logic. LNCS, vol. 2283. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). doi:10.1007/3-540-45949-9
Schulz, S.: System description: E 1.8. In: McMillan, K., Middeldorp, A., Voronkov, A. (eds.) LPAR 2013. LNCS, vol. 8312, pp. 735–743. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45221-5_49
Sternagel, C., Thiemann, R.: Executable multivariate polynomials. Archive of Formal Proofs (2010). Formal proof development, https://isa-afp.org/entries/Polynomials.shtml
Sternagel, C., Thiemann, R.: Generalized and formalized uncurrying. In: Tinelli, C., Sofronie-Stokkermans, V. (eds.) FroCoS 2011. LNCS, vol. 6989, pp. 243–258. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24364-6_17
Sternagel, C., Thiemann, R.: Formalizing Knuth-Bendix orders and Knuth-Bendix completion. In: van Raamsdonk, F. (ed.) RTA 2013, vol. 21. LIPIcs, pp. 287–302. Schloss Dagstuhl (2013)
Sultana, N., Blanchette, J.C., Paulson, L.C.: LEO-II and Satallax on the Sledgehammer test bench. J. Applied Logic 11(1), 91–102 (2013)
Toyama, Y.: Termination of S-expression rewriting systems: lexicographic path ordering for higher-order terms. In: Oostrom, V. (ed.) RTA 2004. LNCS, vol. 3091, pp. 40–54. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-25979-4_3
Turner, D.A.: A new implementation technique for applicative languages. Softw. Pract. Experience 9(1), 31–49 (1979)
Weidenbach, C., Dimova, D., Fietzke, A., Kumar, R., Suda, M., Wischnewski, P.: SPASS version 3.5. In: Schmidt, R.A. (ed.) CADE 2009. LNCS, vol. 5663, pp. 140–145. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02959-2_10
Wisniewski, M., Steen, A., Kern, K., Benzmüller, C.: Effective normalization techniques for HOL. In: Olivetti, N., Tiwari, A. (eds.) IJCAR 2016. LNCS, vol. 9706, pp. 362–370. Springer, Cham (2016). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40229-1_25
Zankl, H., Winkler, S., Middeldorp, A.: Beyond polynomials and Peano arithmetic–automation of elementary and ordinal interpretations. J. Symb. Comput. 69, 129–158 (2015)
Zantema, H.: Termination. In: Bezem, M., Klop, J.W., de Vrijer, R. (eds.) Term Rewriting Systems. Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 55, pp. 181–259. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003)
Acknowledgment
We are grateful to Stephan Merz, Tobias Nipkow, and Christoph Weidenbach for making this research possible; to Mathias Fleury and Dmitriy Traytel for helping us formalize the syntactic ordinals; to Andrei Popescu and Christian Sternagel for advice with extending a partial well-founded order to a total one in the mechanized proof of Lemma 3; to Andrei Voronkov for the enlightening discussion about KBO at the IJCAR 2016 banquet; and to Carsten Fuhs, Mark Summerfield, and the anonymous reviewers for suggesting many textual improvements.
Blanchette has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 713999, Matryoshka). Wand is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) grant Hardening the Hammer (NI 491/14-1).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Becker, H., Blanchette, J.C., Waldmann, U., Wand, D. (2017). A Transfinite Knuth–Bendix Order for Lambda-Free Higher-Order Terms. In: de Moura, L. (eds) Automated Deduction – CADE 26. CADE 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10395. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63046-5_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63046-5_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63045-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63046-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)