Abstract
This research describes simple calculations for pollen diet studies to improve the understanding of bee natural history. The stingless bees (tribe Meliponini) have been classified as broadly polylectic as they utilize more than 10% of the pollen host species of the entire melittophilous flora at a site or more than 25% of the available plant families. However, when considering pollen types, it was not possible to classify three bee species in this manner. For this reason, different calculation adjustments on foraged and available items were applied. For the former, two threshold values (10% and 5%), to identify abundant and discard minor and contaminant pollen resources, were used. For each threshold value, the number of pollen types and the number of pollen species ascribed to each pollen type were calculated. For the available items, spatial and temporal adjustments were estimated. When these adjustments were applied, in some cases bees were identified at higher specialization categories; broad polylectic was recorded only in six cases for Melipona orbignyi and Tetragonisca fiebrigi. As previously suggested for the other categories, contaminant and minor pollen types should also be excluded in polylectic bees. The threshold values of 10% for species and 25% for families are too high to reach broad polylecty. In addition, no direct comparisons between pollen types and pollen species could be made when working with the palynological data. Thus, simple values were proposed to assess pollen diet of generalist bees: the maximum number of foraged items per nest (contaminants not considered) and the maximum percentage value of foraged versus available items (adjusted). These belong to a wider range of values that can be recognized as degrees of polylecty, allowing for a more precise identification.
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Acknowledgments
I am especially thankful to Patricia Vit for her kind invitation to participate in this book and Alicia Basilio for recommending me, Nora Brea for her help in English language, David Roubik and Nora Brea for providing suggestions and critical comments on the manuscript, and Arturo Roig-Alsina for the identification of bees. This study was supported by CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas).
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1 Electronic Supplementary Material
Table 2.2b
(Tetragonisca fiebrigi) (DOC 236 kb)
Table 2.2c
(Geotrigona argentina) (DOC 91 kb)
Table 2.3
Calculation adjustments on the number of total (T) and forest (F) available plant families (FAMS) and pollen types or species (SPS). Temporal adjustments (T temp and F temp) were performed for the months and seasons when nest samples were taken and for all nests together. The temporal adjustment was calculated on flowerings available during the last 4 months before nest sampling date (a total of 5 months were therefore considered for individual months and 8 months for individual seasons) (DOC 246 kb)
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Vossler, F.G. (2018). Are Stingless Bees a Broadly Polylectic Group? An Empirical Study of the Adjustments Required for an Improved Assessment of Pollen Diet in Bees. In: Vit, P., Pedro, S., Roubik, D. (eds) Pot-Pollen in Stingless Bee Melittology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61839-5_2
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