Skip to main content

Self-Forgiveness and Health: A Stress-and-Coping Model

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of the Psychology of Self-Forgiveness

Abstract

In this chapter, we present a stress-and-coping model of self-forgiveness and health. Three propositions are built from the seminal transactional model of stress and coping and the stress-and-coping model of forgiveness. The three propositions of the stress-and-coping model of self-forgiveness include: (1) self-condemnation is stressful; (2) self-forgiveness can be used to cope with the stressful effects of self-condemnation; and (3) self-forgiveness is related to health. Studies bearing on these propositions are briefly reviewed. Research is rapidly growing and supportive of the proposition that self-forgiveness is related to health, but studies examining the stressfulness of unforgiveness and the efficacy of self-forgiveness as a coping mechanism for self-condemnation are needed. There are countless applications of self-forgiveness in the promotion of health and wellness, and the relevance of self-forgiveness to students, interpersonal relationships, and workers is highlighted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bryan, A. O., Theriault, J. L., & Bryan, C. J. (2015). Self-forgiveness, posttraumatic stress, and suicide attempts among military personnel and veterans. Traumatology, 21(1), 40–46. doi:10.1037/trm0000017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, T. P., Tignor, S. M., Tsang, J.-A., & Willett, A. (2016). Dispositional self-forgiveness, guilt-and shame-proneness, and the roles of motivational tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 53–61. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, R., Chang, E. C., Sanna, L. J., & Hatcher, R. L. (2008). Optimism and pessimism as personality variables linked to adjustment the SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment. InPersonality theories and models (vol. 1, pp. 470–485). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheavens, J. S., Cukrowicz, K. C., Hansen, R., & Mitchell, S. M. (2016). Incorporating resilience factors into the interpersonal theory of suicide: The role of hope and self-forgiveness in an older adult sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 58–69. doi:10.1002/jclp.22230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cornish, M. A., & Wade, N. G. (2015). Working through past wrongdoing: Examination of a self-forgiveness counseling intervention. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(3), 521–528. doi:10.1037/cou0000080.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • da Silva, S. P., vanOyen Witvliet, C., & Riek, B. (2016). Self-forgiveness and forgiveness-seeking in response to rumination: Cardiac and emotional responses of transgressors. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1–11. doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1187200.

  • Davis, D. E., Ho, M. Y., Griffin, B. J., Bell, C., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., … Westbrook, C. J. (2015). Forgiving the self and physical and mental health correlates: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 329–335.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson, S. S., Gruenewald, T. L., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004a). When the social self is threatened: Shame, physiology, and health. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1191–1216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson, S. S., Kemeny, M. E., Aziz, N., Kim, K. H., & Fahey, J. L. (2004b). Immunological effects of induced shame and guilt. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(1), 124–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, M. L., & Exline, J. J. (2010). Moving toward self-forgiveness: Removing barriers related to shame, guilt, and regret. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(8), 548–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S. (2011). The oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsythe, C. J., & Compas, B. E. (1987). Interaction of cognitive appraisals of stressful events and coping: Testing the goodness of fit hypothesis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11(4), 473–485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, L. C., Barber, C. R., Chang, J., Tham, Y. L., Kalidas, M., Rimawi, M. F., … Elledge, R. (2010). Self-blame, self-forgiveness, and spirituality in breast cancer survivors in a public sector setting. Journal of Cancer Education, 25(3), 343–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, L. C., Romero, C., Elledge, R., Chang, J., Kalidas, M., Dulay, M. F., … Osborne, C. K. (2007). Attribution of blame, self-forgiving attitude and psychological adjustment in women with breast cancer. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(4), 351–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, B. J., Moloney, J. M., Green, J. D., Worthington, J. E. L., Cork, B., Tangney, J. P., … Hook, J. N. (2016). Perpetrators’ reactions to perceived interpersonal wrongdoing: The associations of guilt and shame with forgiving, punishing, and excusing oneself. Self and Identity, 15(6), 650–661. doi:10.1080/15298868.2016.1187669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, B. J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Lavelock, C. R., Greer, C. L., Lin, Y., Davis, D. E., … Hook, J. N. (2015). Efficacy of a self-forgiveness workbook: A randomized controlled trial with interpersonal offenders. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 124–136. doi:10.1037/cou0000060.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621–637.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2008). The temporal course of self-forgiveness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(2), 174–202. doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.2.174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, J. M., & Hoopes, M. H. (1990). Uncovering shame: Integrating individuals and their family systems. New York, NY: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011). Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1), 68–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krause, N., & Hayward, R. D. (2013). Self-forgiveness and mortality in late life. Social Indicators Research, 111(1), 361–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liao, K. Y.-H., & Wei, M. (2015). Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms: Forgiveness of self and others as moderators. Personal Relationships, 22(2), 216–229. doi:10.1111/pere.12075.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell, J. M. (2015). A conceptual-theoretical-empirical framework for self-forgiveness: Implications for research and practice. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 37(3), 143–164. doi:10.1080/01973533.2015.1016160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J. G. (2003). Self forgiveness getting even: Forgiveness and its limits. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C., Seligman, M. E., & Vaillant, G. E. (1988). Pessimistic explanatory style is a risk factor for physical illness: A thirty-five-year longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(1), 23–27. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, S. J., Van Tongeren, D. R., Womack, S. D., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., & Griffin, B. J. (2016). The benefits of self-forgiveness on mental health: Evidence from correlational and experimental research. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1–10. doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1163407.

  • Rice, K. G., Richardson, C. M. E., & Ray, M. E. (2016). Perfectionism in academic settings. In F. M. Sirois & D. S. Molnar (Eds.), Perfectionism, health, and well-being (pp. 245–264). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rieger, S., Göllner, R., Trautwein, U., & Roberts, B. W. (2016). Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in the transition to young adulthood: A replication of orth, robins, and roberts (2008). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(1), e16–e22. doi:10.1037/pspp0000037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scharmer, C., Schwering, L., Colletta, G., Anantharaman, A., Strafelda, M., & Toussaint, L. (2013). Forgiveness moderates associations between suicidality and stress, depression, and shame/guilt risk factors in a national sample of police officers. Paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seybold, K. S., Hill, P. C., Neumann, J. K., & Chi, D. S. (2001). Physiological and psychological correlates of forgiveness. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 20(3), 250–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., & Rand, K. L. (2004). Hopelessness and health. In N. B. Anderson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of health and behavior (pp. 437–438). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Strelan, P., & Covic, T. (2006). A review of forgiveness process models and a coping framework to guide future research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(10), 1059–1085. doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.10.1059.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, L., Barry, M., Angus, D., Bornfriend, L., & Markman, M. (2016). Self-forgiveness is associated with reduced psychological distress in cancer patients and unmatched caregivers: Hope and self-blame as mediating mechanisms. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 1–17. doi:10.1080/07347332.2017.1309615

  • Toussaint, L., Barry, M., Bornfriend, L., & Markman, M. (2014). Restore: The journey toward self-forgiveness: A randomized trial of patient education on self-forgiveness in cancer patients and caregivers. Journal of Healthcare Chaplaincy, 20(2), 54–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, L. L., Marschall, J. C., & Williams, D. R. (2012). Prospective associations between religiousness/spirituality and depression and mediating effects of forgiveness in a nationally representative sample of united states adults. Depression Research and Treatment, 2012, 10. doi:10.1155/2012/267820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, L. L., & Williams, D. R. (2003). Physiological correlates of forgiveness: Findings from a racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of community residents. Paper presented at the A Campaign for Forgiveness Research Conference, Atlanta, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, L. L., Williams, D. R., Musick, M. A., & Everson, S. A. (2001). Forgiveness and health: Age differences in a us probability sample. Journal of Adult Development, 8(4), 249–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, L. L., Williams, D. R., Musick, M. A., & Everson-Rose, S. A. (2008). Why forgiveness may protect against depression: Hopelessness as an explanatory mechanism. Personality and Mental Health, 2(2), 89–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, L. L., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Williams, D. R. (2015). Concluding thoughts: Summary and integration, models, and research agendas. InForgiveness and health: Scientific evidence and theories relating forgiveness to better health (pp. 289–301). New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2006). Appraisal antecedents of shame and guilt: Support for a theoretical model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(10), 1339–1351. doi:10.1177/0146167206290212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Twenge, J. M. (2014). Generation me-revised and updated: Why today’s young americans are more confident, assertive, entitled--and more miserable than ever before. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J. R., Bumgarner, D., Conway-Williams, E., Dangel, T. J., & Hall, B. B. (2017). A consensus definition of self-forgiveness: Implications for assessment and treatment. Unpublished Manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J. R., Hirsch, J. K., Visser, P. L., & Brewer, K. G. (2013a). Forgiveness and health: Assessing the mediating effect of health behavior, social support, and interpersonal functioning. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 147(5), 391–414. doi:10.1080/00223980.2012.700964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J. R., Phillips, T. D., Bumgarner, D., & Conway-Williams, E. (2013b). Forgiveness, mindfulness, and health. Mindfulness, 4(3), 235–245. doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0119-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J. R., & Jeter, B. R. (2015). Forgiveness and problematic substance use. In L. L. Toussaint, E. L. Worthington, & D. R. Williams (Eds.), Forgiveness and health: Scientific evidence and theories relating forgiveness to better health (pp. 139–154). New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, T., Milosevic, A., Carroll, M., Hart, K., & Hibbard, S. (2008). Physical health status in relation to self-forgiveness and other-forgiveness in healthy college students. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(6), 798–803.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wohl, M. J. A., & Thompson, A. (2011). A dark side to self-forgiveness: Forgiving the self and its association with chronic unhealthy behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(2), 354–364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodyatt, L., Cornish, M., & Cibich, M. (2017). Self-forgiveness at work: finding pathways to renewal when coping with failure or perceived transgressions. In L. Woodyatt, E. L. Worthington Jr., M. Wenzel, & B. J. Griffin (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of self-forgiveness (Chapter 21). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E., Jr. (2013). Moving forward: Six steps to forgiving yourself and breaking free from the past. Colorado Springs, CO: Waterbrook Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2006). Forgiveness and reconciliation: Theory and application. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Langberg, D. (2012). Religious considerations and self-forgiveness in treating complex trauma and moral injury in present and former soldiers. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 40(4), 274–288.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Loren L. Toussaint .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Toussaint, L.L., Webb, J.R., Hirsch, J.K. (2017). Self-Forgiveness and Health: A Stress-and-Coping Model. In: Woodyatt, L., Worthington, Jr., E., Wenzel, M., Griffin, B. (eds) Handbook of the Psychology of Self-Forgiveness. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60573-9_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics