Abstract
Spread spectrum signals have the distinguishing characteristic that the bandwidth used to transmit a message is much greater than the message bandwidth. This band spread is achieved by using a spreading code or pseudo-noise (PN) sequence that is independent of the message and is known to the receiver. The receiver uses a synchronized replica of the PN sequence to despread the received signal allowing recovery of the message. The chapter begins with an introduction to direct sequence (DS) and frequency hop (FH) spread spectrum. PN sequences are fundamental to all spread spectrum systems and are treated in detail. A variety of sequences are considered including m-sequences, Gold sequences, Kasami sequences, Barker sequences, Walsh-Hadamard sequences, variable length orthogonal codes, and complementary code keying. The remainder of the chapter concentrates on DS spread spectrum. The power spectral density of DS spread spectrum signals is considered. Afterwards, the bit error rate performance of DS spread spectrum signals is considered in the presence of tone interference. Afterwards, the performance of point-to-point DS spread spectrum on frequency-selective fading channels is discussed and it is shown how a RAKE receiver can be used to gain multipath diversity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of CDMA multiuser detection techniques, including optimum CDMA multiuser detection, decorrelation detection and minimum mean square error detection.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The following development also applies to real spreading sequences.
- 2.
Throughout this section complex spreading sequences are assumed. For real spreading sequences, the correlation functions are similar but are normalized by N rather than 2N.
- 3.
For real-value spreading waveforms, the full period cross-correlation function is similar except for the factor of 1/2 in front of the integral.
- 4.
The usual case is assumed, where h c (−t) = h c (t).
- 5.
Since DS/BPSK signaling is used the spreading sequence a is real with autocorrelation function ϕ aa (n) = E[a i a i+n ].
- 6.
Here the normalization α = 1 is assumed.
References
D. Chu, Polyphase codes with good periodic correlation properties. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 18, 531–532 (1972)
B. Conolly, I.J. Goods, A table of discrete Fourier transform pairs. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 32, 810–822 (1977)
G.R. Cooper, R.W. Nettleton, A spread-spectrum technique for high-capacity mobile communications. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 27, 264–275 (1978)
R.C. Dixon, Spread Spectrum Techniques (IEEE Press, New York, 1976)
E.A. Geraniotis, Direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access communications over nonselective and frequency-selective Rician fading channels. IEEE Trans. Commun. 34, 756–764 (1986)
E.A. Geraniotis, R. Mani, Throughput analysis of a random access tree protocol for direct-sequence spread-spectrum packet radio networks, in IEEE Military Communications Conference, Washington, D.C., October 1987, pp. 23.7.1–23.7.6
R. Gold, Optimum binary sequences for spread-spectrum multiplexing. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 13, 619–621 (1967)
J.M. Holtzman, A simple, accurate method to calculate spread-spectrum multiple-access error probabilities. IEEE Trans. Commun. 40, 461–464 (1992)
T. Kasami, Weight distribution of Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes, in Combinatorial Mathematics and its Applications (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1967), pp. 335–357
T. Kasami, S. Lin, W. Peterson, Some results on cyclic codes which are invariant under the affine group and their applications. Inf. Control 11, 475–496 (1968)
J.S. Lehnert, M.B. Pursley, Error probability for binary direct-sequence spread-spectrum communications with random signature sequences. IEEE Trans. Commun. 35, 87–98 (1987)
S. Lin, D.J. Costello, Jr., Error Control Coding: Fundamentals and Applications (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1983)
R.K. Morrow, Jr., J.S. Lehnert, Bit-to-bit error dependence in slotted DS/CDMA packet systems with random signature sequences. IEEE Trans. Commun. 37, 1052–1061 (1989)
W.W. Peterson, E.J. Weldon, Error Correcting Codes, 2nd edn. (MIT Press, Cambridge, 1972)
R.L. Pickholtz, D.L. Schilling, L.B. Milstein, Theory of spread-spectrum communications – a tutorial. IEEE Trans. Commun. 30, 855–884 (1982)
R. Price, P.E. Green, A communication technique for multipath channels. Proc. IEEE 46, 555–570 (1958)
J.G. Proakis, M. Salehi, Digital Communications, 5th edn. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2007)
M.B. Pursley, F.D. Garber, J.S. Lehnert, Analysis of generalized quadriphase spread-spectrum communications, in IEEE International Conference on Communications, Seattle, WA (1980), pp. 15.3.1–15.3.6
M.K. Simon, J.K. Omura, R.A. Scholtz, B.K. Levitt, Spread Spectrum Communications (Computer Science Press, Rockville, 1985)
R. Ziemer, R. Peterson, Digital Communications and Spread Spectrum Systems (MacMillan, New York, 1985)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stüber, G.L. (2017). Spread Spectrum Techniques. In: Principles of Mobile Communication. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55615-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55615-4_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-55614-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-55615-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)