Abstract
The historical and everyday environmental pollution generates numerous impacts on the environmental quality and human health. Anthropogenic activities, in particular the industrial and agricultural systems, release in the environment large quantities of pollutants of inorganic and organic nature, which can be transported, immobilized, degraded, or bioaccumulated in the environmental compartments (water, air, soil) and in the ecological components (plants, animals). From there, they are easily available to humans through the food chain. This is why numerous efforts have been invested for the reduction and/or removal of pollution from the environment, together with preventive actions. Diverse physico-chemical and biological options and processes were applied to remove and/or transform different kind of pollutants (heavy metals, dyes, persistent organic pollutants) from the environment. Physico-chemical processes including chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane separation, coagulation, flocculation, flotation, electrochemical technologies, etc. were applied for the mobilization, immobilization, or degradation of various pollutants. However, some of these processes, although with fast results in some cases, proved to be less efficient and more expensive than bioremediation-based processes. The biological applications, considered as low-cost alternatives, gained more and more the interest of scientists and stakeholders for ensuring a sustainable environmental remediation. This work discusses some current aspects and perspectives in the environmental bioremediation by biosorption and bioaccumulation, which exploit the potential of non-living and living biomass to immobilize and biodegrade persistent contaminants. A focus on past and present studies addressing the bioremediation of both inorganic and organic pollutants, their bioavailability in the environment, mechanisms, and impacts of environmental factors on the removal efficiency by biosorption and bioaccumulation was considered. Various biosorbents for the removal of these contaminants, such as agricultural or industrial wastes, microbial-based biomass (bacteria, fungi), algae, and plant-based biomass, are considered from impact, tolerance to persistent pollutants, effectiveness, and cost perspectives. This approach contributes to a better understanding of biological processes, so as to overcome the technical barriers in the application of biosorption and bioaccumulation processes that delay the commercialization and to increase their scale-up potential for practical applications.
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This paper was elaborated with the support of a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS–UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0559, Contract 265/2011.
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Hlihor, RM., Apostol, LC., Gavrilescu, M. (2017). Environmental Bioremediation by Biosorption and Bioaccumulation: Principles and Applications. In: Anjum, N., Gill, S., Tuteja, N. (eds) Enhancing Cleanup of Environmental Pollutants. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55426-6_14
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