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Alphaviruses in Latin America and the Introduction of Chikungunya Virus

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Human Virology in Latin America

Abstract

Alphaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded, plus-strand RNA viruses belonging to the Togaviridae family. These are zoonotics and arthropod-borne viruses (mainly mosquitoes) that are distributed nearly worldwide. Many of the New World alphaviruses occur throughout Latin America: Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV, EEEV) in both North and South America, and western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) from Canada to Argentina. Others such as Mayaro (MAYV), UNA (UNAV), and Aura (AURA) viruses have a more restricted distribution, and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was recently introduced into Latin America. The evolutionary patterns show clades correlated with host/reservoirs (nonhuman primates, birds, and rodents) and distinctive human disease syndromes such as fever/rash/arthralgia and encephalomyelitis. The majority of alphaviruses cause at least mild febrile disease in humans and several produce severe, life-threatening diseases, whereas others are little studied epidemiologically and their public health importance is unknown. Recent studies in Latin America of “dengue-like” illness in several locations have revealed that many alphaviruses such as VEEV, EEEV, MAYV, and CHIKV are misdiagnosed as dengue; moreover, with the recent introduction of Zika virus, diagnosis based only on signs and symptoms is even more complicated in areas where these viruses are circulating simultaneously. This chapter describes important aspects of the alphaviruses in the region including evolution, outbreaks, vector–host, and eco-epidemiological/molecular determinants of their emergence from the New World viruses and chikungunya.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Editors for the invitation to contribute this chapter. Projects Fonacit MC-2008000911-4 (Venez), P011617-UISEK (ECU).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ambientales, Universidad Internacional SEK, Quito, Ecuador

    Juan-Carlos Navarro

  2. Lab. Biología de Vectores-IZET, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

    Juan-Carlos Navarro

  3. Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama

    Jean-Paul Carrera

  4. Universidad Regional Amazónica, IKIAM, Tena, Ecuador

    Jonathan Liria

  5. Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

    Albert J. Auguste & Scott C. Weaver

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  1. Juan-Carlos Navarro
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  4. Albert J. Auguste
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Correspondence to Juan-Carlos Navarro .

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  1. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Center for Research and Advances Studies, Mexico City, Mexico

    Juan Ernesto Ludert

  2. Centro de Microbiologia y Biologia Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela

    Flor H. Pujol

  3. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Juan Arbiza

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Navarro, JC., Carrera, JP., Liria, J., Auguste, A.J., Weaver, S.C. (2017). Alphaviruses in Latin America and the Introduction of Chikungunya Virus. In: Ludert, J., Pujol, F., Arbiza, J. (eds) Human Virology in Latin America. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54567-7_9

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