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Environmental Challenges in the Philippines

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The Philippine Archipelago

Part of the book series: Springer Geography ((SPRINGERGEOGR))

Abstract

The Republic of the Philippines is one of most exposed countries in the world to many “natural” hazards: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunami, lahar flows, typhoons, flooding, landslides, and sea level rise. Earthquake risks make Metro Manila especially vulnerable, due to the high population density and the poor quality of buildings, partly linked to corruption. This chapter examines the current policies to reduce risk in the metropolis and the scales of vulnerability, both at the national, regional, community and individual levels, focusing on the resilience of people and society when confronted with danger. Their vulnerability is heightened with several forms of environmental degradation, such as deforestation, soil impoverishments, mining impacts, all favoring landslides and floods, as well as the loss in biodiversity, both in maritime and land areas. Despite the establishment of protected areas and natural parks, adaptation to climate change and mitigation of damage remains difficult and requires building up a better institutional resilience.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Each event recorded in this database is killed at least ten people, affected at least 100 people or needed international aid.

  2. 2.

    http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/statistics/?cid=135

  3. 3.

    Adaptations are actions that people do to adjust to stimuli, such as rainfall or flooding. Mitigation, in the context of climate change, is more about reducing greenhouse-gas emission (Mayuga 2015). Adaptations are more local in scale, mitigation more global in scope.

  4. 4.

    For example in 1645 (destruction of Manila’s cathedral), even as the epicenter was far the city, in Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija . The latest major tremor affecting Manila with casualties and destructions was the 1968 Casiguran earthquake, with an epicenter in Aurora province.

  5. 5.

    http://www.gov.ph/downloads/1977/02feb/19770219-PD-1096-FM.pdf

  6. 6.

    Twelve non-technical questions, accompanied by simple drawings, easy to answer by any resident: (1) Who built or designed my house? (2) How old is my house? (3) Has my house been damaged by past earthquakes or other disasters? (4) What is the shape of my house? (5) Has my house been extended or expanded? (6) Are the external walls of my house 6-inch (150 mm) thick? (7) Are steel bars of standard size and spacing used in walls? (8) Are there unsupported walls more than 3 m wide? (9) What is the gable wall of my house made of? (10) What is the foundation of my house? (11) What is the soil condition under my house? (12) What is the overall condition of my house?

  7. 7.

    http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/index.php/13-disaster-risk-reduction-and-management-laws/1457-the-valley-fault-system-atlas

  8. 8.

    http://www.nababaha.com/marikina_valley_fault.htm

  9. 9.

    http://tremors.instigators.io/

  10. 10.

    Such as the European Union, CARE Netherlands , GIZ (German Agency for International Cooperation), USAid or JICA.

  11. 11.

    “Adaptation” refers to policies helping protect citizens, the economy, and the environment from climate change impacts like storms, drought, flooding, landslides, and heat waves. Climate change “mitigation” refers to policies aiming at a reduction of carbon emissions from the transportation, garbage management, agriculture, energy, and industrial sectors.

  12. 12.

    The forum was originally composed of 20 developing countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh , Barbados, Bhutan, Costa Rica , Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Kiribati, Madagascar , Maldives, Nepal , Philippines, Rwanda, St Lucia, Tanzania, Timor Leste, Tuvalu, Vanuatu , Vietnam ), The inaugural meeting of this “V-20” took place in Lima, Peru , in October 2015, in conjunction with the 2015 Annual Meetings of the World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund, with the Philippines serving as chair of the meeting. The call to create the V20 originated from the Climate Vulnerable Forum’s Costa Rica Action Plan (2013–2015) in a major effort to strengthen economic and financial responses to climate change. It foresaw a high-level policy dialogue pertaining to action on climate change and the promotion of climate resilient and low emission development with full competence for addressing economic and financial issues beyond the remit of any one organization. The 20 original members were later joined by 23 more countries (Burkina Faso, Cambodia , Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Dominican Republic, Fiji , Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti , Honduras, Malawi, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Morocco, Niger, Palau , Papua New Guinea , Senegal, South Sudan, Sri Lanka , Sudan, Tunisia and Yemen).

  13. 13.

    In Paris , President Aquino pledged a whopping 70% in reduction of carbon emissions by the Philippines, while approving the operation of at least 27 coal-fired power plants, no more than a month after the UN Climate conference, to insure the provision of electricity to the country. Upon his arrival at the Philippine presidency, Rodrigo Duterte announced he was not bound by the “crazy pledges” of his predecessor and would honor the 70% commitment, preferring to re-think the country’s priorities and the right balance between climate change protection and the need to provide economic development tools (energy) for the country.

  14. 14.

    Such as the May 2015 Climate Vulnerability Regional Forum in Manila attended by delegates from Afghanistan, Cambodia , Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan , Papua New Guinea , Tajikistan, Timor Leste and Vietnam .

  15. 15.

    As well as other environmental laws such as the Renewable Energy Act, the Solid Waste Management Act and the Environmental Awareness Education Act.

  16. 16.

    http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/ (Pagasa national weather service), http://weather.com.ph/weathertv/, http://www.hurricanezone.net/ all offer detailed information about active typhoons

  17. 17.

    “Resilience Capacity Building for Cities and Municipalities to Reduce Disaster Risks from Climate Change and Natural Hazards”

  18. 18.

    http://blog.noah.dost.gov.ph/noah-open-file-reports/

  19. 19.

    Resiliency is another, much less used, form of this word. Resiliency is used mostly in North America, as an alternate to resilience

  20. 20.

    Etymologically it is derived from “Bathala”, the ancient Supreme Being worshiped by Filipinos during the pre-Spanish Period. It is akin to the Arabic/Muslim expression “Inshallah” (at the will of God)

  21. 21.

    A word derived from kapwa, a Tagalog term widely used when addressing another with the intention of establishing a connection. Kapwa looks for what people have in common as human beings, not as rich or poor, young or old, man, woman or child. According to this thinking, people always remain just people (“tao lang”) despite titles, prestigious positions or wealth, or abject poverty. What really matters is their behavior and their ethics. The essence of humanity is recognizable in everyone, linking (including) people rather than separating (excluding) them from each other.

  22. 22.

    Pagpapanday ng Kalakasan (finding and cultivating strengths); Paghahanap ng Kalutasan at Kaagapay (seeking solutions and support); Pangangalaga sa Katawan (managing physical reactions); Pagsasaayos ng Kalooban at Isipan (managing thoughts and emotions); Pagsasagawa ng Kapakipakinabang na Gawain (engaging in regular and positive activities); Pag-usad sa Kinabukasan (moving forward).

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  1. Département de Géographie, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France

    Yves Boquet

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Boquet, Y. (2017). Environmental Challenges in the Philippines. In: The Philippine Archipelago. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51926-5_22

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