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Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues

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Immunopathology in Toxicology and Drug Development

Part of the book series: Molecular and Integrative Toxicology ((MOLECUL))

Abstract

The mucosal immune system is organized as a complex of two large pools of single immune-competent cells within the epithelium (lymphocytes: IEL) and lamina propria (lymphocytes: LPL) of the mucosa; the lymph nodes draining the mucosa; and the more or less organized lymphoid tissues associated with the mucosal epithelium. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is defined here as the organized lymphoid tissues associated with the mucosal epithelium.

The body of humans and animals functions as a symbiotic ecosystem of cells and about a 10-fold higher number of microorganisms, which meet at mucosal barriers. The mucosal immune system plays an important role in this symbiotic relationship, maintaining a delicate balance of tolerating a health-promoting microbiome and allowing uptake of nutrients, while excluding potentially harmful pathogens. In turn, the microbiome is needed to ensure proper functioning of the immune system. Still, many aspects of mucosal immunity and their interrelationships are poorly understood, including the interplay with some non-lymphoid organs like the liver in gut immune functioning.

MALT is included in most guidelines on safety evaluation of drugs, chemicals and food constituents. In view of the importance of the body’s mucosal immunity, it is advisable to examine not only MALT at the site of application or exposure like today’s common practice, but to include distant MALT as well. There is a need for best practices to select, sample and embed MALT for histopathologic evaluation, because these aspects can profoundly influence the evaluation of MALT pathology and the interpretation of responses against xenobiotics.

Pathology reports on MALT and single mucosal immune cells are scarce, most likely due to the difficulty to dissect MALT or to properly evaluate MALT in situ, and the difficulty to sample LPL and IEL populations as FACS sorted suspensions. In addition, there may be high resilience in MALT against xenobiotic insults, exactly because of its importance as primary contact site to the outside world. Nevertheless MALT deserves specific attention. This chapter aims to present information on morphology and functioning of MALT to add in the assessment of changes in this important segment of our immune defense and homeostasis.

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Abbreviations

B cell:

‘Bone marrow- or bursa-derived’ lymphocyte mediating humoral immunity

BALT:

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

CALT:

Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue synonym of EALT

CLP:

Common lymphoid progenitor

CMC:

Connective tissue mast cell

CP:

Cryptopatch

DALT:

(Salivary) duct-associated lymphoid tissue

DC:

Dendritic cell

EALT:

Eye-associated lymphoid tissue synonym of CALT

ETALT:

Eustachian tube-associated lymphoid tissue

GALT:

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

GIALT:

Gill-associated lymphoid tissue

GIEL:

Granulated intraepithelial lymphocyte

GL:

Globule/globular leukocyte

GVHD:

Graft versus host disease

HEV:

High endothelial venule

HSC:

Hematopoietic stem cell

iBALT:

Inducible BALT

IEL:

Intraepithelial lymphocyte

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

ILC:

Innate lymphoid cell

LALT:

Laryngopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue

LDALT:

Lacrimal duct-associated lymphoid tissue

LFV:

Lymphocyte-filled villus

LPL:

Lamina propria lymphocyte

LTi:

Lymphoid tissue inducer (cell)

MALT:

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

MC:

Mast cell

M-cell:

Microfold (epithelial) cell

MCT :

Human tryptase-positive chymase-negative mast cell (resembles MMC)

MCTC :

Human tryptase- and chymase-positive mast cell (resembles CMC)

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex (HLA in humans)

MMC:

Mucosal mast cell

NALT:

Nasopharynx/nasal-associated lymphoid tissue

NK:

Natural killer lymphocyte

PP:

Peyer’s patch

SALT:

Skin-associated lymphoid tissue

SILT:

Solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue

T cell:

‘Thymus-derived’ lymphocyte mediating cellular immunity

TALT:

Trachea-associated lymphoid tissue

Th2:

T helper 2 lymphocyte

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, The Netherlands

    Christine Frieke Kuper

  2. Triskelion, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, The Netherlands

    Marcel V. W. Wijnands & Serge A. L. Zander

  3. Covance Laboratories Limited, Otley Road, Harrogate, HG3 1PY, UK

    Serge A. L. Zander

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  1. Christine Frieke Kuper
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  2. Marcel V. W. Wijnands
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  3. Serge A. L. Zander
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Correspondence to Christine Frieke Kuper .

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    George A. Parker

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Kuper, C.F., Wijnands, M.V.W., Zander, S.A.L. (2017). Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues. In: Parker, G. (eds) Immunopathology in Toxicology and Drug Development. Molecular and Integrative Toxicology. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47385-7_4

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