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Molecular Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids

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Phytocannabinoids

Part of the book series: Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products ((POGRCHEM,volume 103))

Abstract

Cannabis sativa has been used for recreational, therapeutic and other uses for thousands of years. The plant contains more than 120 C21 terpenophenolic constituents named phytocannabinoids. The Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol type class of phytocannabinoids comprises the largest proportion of the phytocannabinoid content. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol was first discovered in 1971. This led to the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in mammals, including the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol exerts its well-known psychotropic effects through the CB1 receptor but this effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol has limited the use of cannabis medicinally, despite the therapeutic benefits of this phytocannabinoid. This has driven research into other targets outside the endocannabinoid system and has also driven research into the other non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids present in cannabis. This chapter presents an overview of the molecular pharmacology of the seven most thoroughly investigated phytocannabinoids, namely Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabidivarin, cannabigerol, and cannabichromene. The targets of these phytocannabinoids are defined both within the endocannabinoid system and beyond. The pharmacological effect of each individual phytocannabinoid is important in the overall therapeutic and recreational effect of cannabis and slight structural differences can elicit diverse and competing physiological effects. The proportion of each phytocannabinoid can be influenced by various factors such as growing conditions and extraction methods. It is therefore important to investigate the pharmacology of these seven phytocannabinoids further, and characterise the large number of other phytocannabinoids in order to better understand their contributions to the therapeutic and recreational effects claimed for the whole cannabis plant and its extracts.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Prof. Simon Gibbons for providing the figures of the phytocannabinoid structures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences and School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK

    Sarah E. Turner & Claire M. Williams

  2. Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK

    Leslie Iversen

  3. School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK

    Benjamin J. Whalley

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  1. Sarah E. Turner
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  2. Claire M. Williams
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  3. Leslie Iversen
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  4. Benjamin J. Whalley
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Correspondence to Leslie Iversen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    A. Douglas Kinghorn

  2. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria

    Heinz Falk

  3. Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom

    Simon Gibbons

  4. Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan

    Jun'ichi Kobayashi

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Turner, S.E., Williams, C.M., Iversen, L., Whalley, B.J. (2017). Molecular Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids. In: Kinghorn, A., Falk, H., Gibbons, S., Kobayashi, J. (eds) Phytocannabinoids. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, vol 103. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_3

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