Abstract
Metal catalysts in nanometer size range are under worldwide investigations due to their fascinating electronic and atomic strucutures which play essential roles in tuning catalytic properties of metal catalysts. Owing to intrinsically high disorder, asymmetric bond distributions, heterogeneity in particle sizes and compositions, as well as strong coupling between the structural properties and environment, nanosized metal catalysts present a number of challenging problems in EXAFS analysis for determining the size, structure, shape, support orientation of nanocatalysts in real time and in reaction conditions. In this chapter we review methods of EXAFS analysis developed in the last two decades for structural characterization of mono- and bi-metallic nanocatalysts.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Gilbert B, Huang F, Zhang H et al (2004) Nanoparticles: strained and stiff. Science 305:651–654
Zobel M, Neder RB, Kimber SAJ (2015) Universal solvent restructuring induced by colloidal nanoparticles. Science 347:292–294
Dreaden EC, Alkilany AM, Huang X et al (2012) The golden age: gold nanoparticles for biomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 41:2740–2779
Xu B, Zhang ZC, Wang X (2014) Engineering nanointerfaces for nanocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 43:7870–7886
Sanchez SI, Menard LD, Bram A et al (2009) The emergence of nonbulk properties in supported metal clusters: negative thermal expansion and atomic disorder in Pt nanoclusters supported on γ-Al2O3. J Am Chem Soc 131:7040–7054
Mostafa S, Behafarid F, Croy JR et al (2010) Shape-dependent catalytic properties of Pt nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 132:15714–15719
Crespo-Quesada M, Yarulin A, Jin M et al (2011) Structure sensitivity of alkynol hydrogenation on shape- and size-controlled palladium nanocrystals: which sites are most active and selective? J Am Chem Soc 133:12787–12794
Jaramillo TF, Jørgensen KP, Bonde J et al (2007) Identification of active edge sites for electrochemical H2 evolution from MoS2 nanocatalysts. Science 317:100–102
Yudanov IV, Sahnoun R, Neyman KM et al (2002) CO adsorption on Pd nanoparticles: density functional and vibrational spectroscopy studies. J Phys Chem B 107:255–264
Walsh MJ, Yoshida K, Kuwabara A et al (2012) On the structural origin of the catalytic properties of inherently strained ultrasmall decahedral gold nanoparticles. Nano Lett 12:2027–2031
Ruban A, Hammer B, Stoltze P et al (1997) Surface electronic structure and reactivity of transition and noble metals. J Mol Catal A: Chem 115:421–429
Small MW, Kas JJ, Kvashnina KO et al (2014) Effects of adsorbate coverage and bond-length disorder on the d-band center of carbon-supported Pt catalysts. ChemPhysChem 15:1569–1572
Norskov JK, Bligaard T, Rossmeisl J et al (2009) Towards the computational design of solid catalysts. Nat Chem 1:37–46
Nørskov JK, Abild-Pedersen F, Studt F et al (2011) Density functional theory in surface chemistry and catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:937–943
Stamenkovic VR, Mun BS, Arenz M et al (2007) Trends in electrocatalysis on extended and nanoscale Pt-bimetallic alloy surfaces. Nat Mater 6:241–247
Huang WJ, Sun R, Tao J et al (2008) Coordination-dependent surface atomic contraction in nanocrystals revealed by coherent diffraction. Nat Mater 7:308–313
Ouyang G, Zhu WG, Sun CQ et al (2010) Atomistic origin of lattice strain on stiffness of nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 12:1543–1549
Li L, Wang L-L, Johnson DD et al (2013) Noncrystalline-to-crystalline transformations in Pt nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 135:13062–13072
Frenkel AI, Small MW, Smith JG et al (2013) An in situ study of bond strains in 1 nm Pt catalysts and their sensitivities to cluster–support and cluster–adsorbate interactions. J Phys Chem C 117:23286–23294
Vermaak JS, Mays CW, Kuhlmann D (1968) On surface stress and surface tension.I. Theoretical considerations. Surf Sci 12:128–133
Frenkel AI, Nemzer S, Pister I et al (2005) Size-controlled synthesis and characterization of thiol-stabilized gold nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 123:184701–184706
Roldan Cuenya B, Frenkel AI, Mostafa S et al (2010) Anomalous lattice dynamics and thermal properties of supported size- and shape-selected Pt nanoparticles. Phys Rev B 82:155450
Sanchez SI, Small MW, J-M Z et al (2009) Structural characterization of Pt − Pd and Pd − Pt core − shell nanoclusters at atomic resolution. J Am Chem Soc 131:8683–8689
Frenkel AI, Machavariani VS, Rubshtein A et al (2000) Local structure of disordered Au-Cu and Au-Ag alloys. Phys Rev B 62:9364–9371
Frenkel AI, Stern EA, Voronel A et al (1996) Lattice strains in disordered mixed salts. Solid State Commun 99:67–71
Kibler LA, El-Aziz AM, Hoyer R et al (2005) Tuning reaction rates by lateral strain in a palladium monolayer. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:2080–2084
Kitchin JR, Nørskov JK, Barteau MA et al (2004) Role of strain and ligand effects in the modification of the electronic and chemical properties of bimetallic surfaces. Phys Rev Lett 93:156801
Mavrikakis M, Hammer B, Nørskov JK (1998) Effect of strain on the reactivity of metal surfaces. Phys Rev Lett 81:2819–2822
Sun CQ (2007) Size dependence of nanostructures: impact of bond order deficiency. Prog Solid State Chem 35:1–159
Hammer B, Nørskov JK (2000) Theoretical surface science and catalysis—calculations and concepts. In: Knozinger H, Gates BC (eds) Advances in catalysis. Academic, New York, pp 71–129
Kitchin JR, Nørskov JK, Barteau MA et al (2004) Modification of the surface electronic and chemical properties of Pt(111) by subsurface 3d transition metals. J Chem Phys 120:10240–10246
Comotti M, Li W-C, Spliethoff B et al (2005) Support effect in high activity gold catalysts for CO oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 128:917–924
Graoui H, Giorgio S, Enry CR (2001) Effect of the interface structure on the high-temperature morphology of supported metal clusters. Philos Mag B 81:1649–1658
Campbell CT, Sharp JC, Yao YX et al (2011) Insights into catalysis by gold nanoparticles and their support effects through surface science studies of model catalysts. Faraday Discuss 152:227–239
Campbell CT, Sellers JRV (2013) Anchored metal nanoparticles: effects of support and size on their energy, sintering resistance and reactivity. Faraday Discuss 162:9–30
Xu R, Wang D, Zhang J et al (2006) Shape-dependent catalytic activity of silver nanoparticles for the oxidation of styrene. Chem Asian J 1:888–893
Tian N, Zhou Z-Y, Sun S-G et al (2007) Synthesis of tetrahexahedral platinum nanocrystals with high-index facets and high electro-oxidation activity. Science 316:732–735
Karim AM, Prasad V, Mpourmpakis G et al (2009) Correlating particle size and shape of supported Ru/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with NH3 decomposition activity. J Am Chem Soc 131:12230–12239
Häkkinen H, Abbet S, Sanchez A et al (2003) Structural, electronic, and impurity-doping effects in nanoscale chemistry: supported gold nanoclusters. Angew Chem Int Ed 42:1297–1300
Kacprzak KA, Akola J, Hakkinen H (2009) First-principles simulations of hydrogen peroxide formation catalyzed by small neutral gold clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11:6359–6364
Ferrando R, Jellinek J, Johnston RL (2008) Nanoalloys: from theory to applications of alloy clusters and nanoparticles. Chem Rev 108:845–910
Ghosh Chaudhuri R, Paria S (2012) Core/shell nanoparticles: classes, properties, synthesis mechanisms, characterization, and applications. Chem Rev 112:2373–2433
Tupy SA, Karim AM, Bagia C et al (2012) Correlating ethylene glycol reforming activity with in situ EXAFS detection of Ni segregation in supported NiPt bimetallic catalysts. ACS Catal 2:2290–2296
Alayoglu S, Tao F, Altoe V et al (2011) Surface composition and catalytic evolution of Au x Pd1−x (x = 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75) nanoparticles under CO/O2 reaction in Torr pressure regime and at 200 °C. Catal Lett 141:633–640
Alayoglu S, Zavalij P, Eichhorn B et al (2009) Structural and architectural evaluation of bimetallic nanoparticles: a case study of Pt − Ru core − shell and alloy nanoparticles. ACS Nano 3:3127–3137
Yoshida H, Kuwauchi Y, Jinschek JR et al (2012) Visualizing gas molecules interacting with supported nanoparticulate catalysts at reaction conditions. Science 335:317–319
Adriano F (2001) EXAFS for liquids. J Phys Condens Matter 13:R23
Sharpe LR, Heineman WR, Elder RC (1990) EXAFS spectroelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 90:705–722
Russell AE, Rose A (2004) X-ray absorption spectroscopy of low temperature fuel cell catalysts. Chem Rev 104:4613–4636
Bentrup U (2010) Combining in situ characterization methods in one set-up: looking with more eyes into the intricate chemistry of the synthesis and working of heterogeneous catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 39:4718–4730
Comez L, Di Cicco A, Itié JP et al (2001) High-pressure and high-temperature X-ray absorption study of liquid and solid gallium. Phys Rev B 65:014114
Vankó G, Rueff J-P, Mattila A et al (2006) Temperature- and pressure-induced spin-state transitions in LaCoO3. Phys Rev B 73:024424
Meunier FC (2010) The design and testing of kinetically-appropriate operando spectroscopic cells for investigating heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Chem Soc Rev 39:4602–4614
Bare SR, Yang N, Kelly SD et al (2007) Design and operation of a high pressure reaction cell for in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Catal Today 126:18–26
Bare SR, Mickelson GE, Modica FS et al (2006) Simple flow through reaction cells for in situ transmission and fluorescence X-ray-absorption spectroscopy of heterogeneous catalysts. Rev Sci Instrum 77:023105
Grunwaldt JD, Caravati M, Hannemann S et al (2004) X-ray absorption spectroscopy under reaction conditions: suitability of different reaction cells for combined catalyst characterization and time-resolved studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 6:3037–3047
Grunwaldt J-D, Ramin M, Rohr M et al (2005) High pressure in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy cell for studying simultaneously the liquid phase and the solid/liquid interface. Rev Sci Instrum 76:054104
Erickson EM, Oruc ME, Wetzel DJ et al (2014) A comparison of atomistic and continuum approaches to the study of bonding dynamics in electrocatalysis: microcantilever stress and in situ EXAFS observations of platinum bond expansion due to oxygen adsorption during the oxygen reduction reaction. Anal Chem 86:8368–8375
Glasner D, Frenkel AI (2007) Geometrical characteristics of regular polyhedra: application to EXAFS studies of nanoclusters. AIP Conf Proc 882:746–748
Frenkel AI (2007) Solving the 3D structure of metal nanoparticles. Z Kristallogr 222:605–611
Small MW, Sanchez SI, Marinkovic NS et al (2012) Influence of adsorbates on the electronic structure, bond strain, and thermal properties of an alumina-supported Pt catalyst. ACS Nano 6:5583–5595
Frenkel AI, Wang Q, Sanchez SI et al (2013) Short range order in bimetallic nanoalloys: an extended X-ray absorption fine structure study. J Chem Phys 138:064202
Menard LD, Wang Q, Kang JH et al (2009) Structural characterization of bimetallic nanomaterials with overlapping X-ray absorption edges. Phys Rev B 80:064111
Funke H, Scheinost AC, Chukalina M (2005) Wavelet analysis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure data. Phys Rev B 71:094110
Chukalina MV, Dubrovskii YV, Funke H (2004) Wavelet analysis and its application in tunneling and X-ray spectroscopy. Low Temp Phys 30:930–936
Filez M, Redekop EA, Poelman H et al (2015) Advanced elemental characterization during Pt–In catalyst formation by wavelet transformed X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Anal Chem 87:3520–3526
Filez M, Redekop EA, Poelman H et al (2014) Unravelling the formation of Pt–Ga alloyed nanoparticles on calcined Ga-modified hydrotalcites by in situ XAS. Chem Mater 26:5936–5949
Antoniak C (2011) Extended X-ray absorption fine structure of bimetallic nanoparticles. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2:237–251
Ferri D, Kumar MS, Wirz R et al (2010) First steps in combining modulation excitation spectroscopy with synchronous dispersive EXAFS/DRIFTS/mass spectrometry for in situ time resolved study of heterogeneous catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 12:5634–5646
Eyssler A, Kleymenov E, Kupferschmid A et al (2011) Improvement of catalytic activity of LaFe0.95Pd0.05O3 for methane oxidation under transient conditions. J Phys Chem C 115:1231–1239
Ferri D, Newton MA, Di Michiel M et al (2013) Synchrotron high energy X-ray methods coupled to phase sensitive analysis to characterize aging of solid catalysts with enhanced sensitivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15:8629–8639
König CFJ, van Bokhoven JA, Schildhauer TJ et al (2012) Quantitative analysis of modulated excitation X-ray absorption spectra: enhanced precision of EXAFS fitting. J Phys Chem C 116:19857–19866
König CFJ, Schildhauer TJ, Nachtegaal M (2013) Methane synthesis and sulfur removal over a Ru catalyst probed in situ with high sensitivity X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Catal 305:92–100
Patlolla A, Baumann P, Xu W et al (2013) Characterization of metal-oxide catalysts in operando conditions by combining X-ray absorption and raman spectroscopies in the same experiment. Top Catal 56:896–904
Frenkel AI, Wang Q, Marinkovic N et al (2011) Combining X-ray absorption and X-ray diffraction techniques for in situ studies of chemical transformations in heterogeneous catalysis: advantages and limitations. J Phys Chem C 115:17884–17890
Patlolla A, Carino EV, Ehrlich SN et al (2012) Application of operando XAS, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy for phase speciation in water gas shift reaction catalysts. ACS Catal 2:2216–2223
Chen Y, Fulton JL, Linehan JC et al (2005) In situ XAFS and NMR study of rhodium-catalyzed dehydrogenation of dimethylamine borane. J Am Chem Soc 127:3254–3255
Beale AM, van der Eerden AMJ, Kervinen K et al (2005) Adding a third dimension to operando spectroscopy: a combined UV-Vis, Raman and XAFS setup to study heterogeneous catalysts under working conditions. Chem Commun 3015–3017
Newton MA, Jyoti B, Dent AJ et al (2004) Synchronous, time resolved, diffuse reflectance FT-IR, energy dispersive EXAFS (EDE) and mass spectrometric investigation of the behaviour of Rh catalysts during NO reduction by CO. Chem Commun 2382–2383
Bordiga S, Groppo E, Agostini G et al (2013) Reactivity of surface species in heterogeneous catalysts probed by in situ X-ray absorption techniques. Chem Rev 113:1736–1850
Singh J, Lamberti C, van Bokhoven JA (2010) Advanced X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy: in situ catalytic studies. Chem Soc Rev 39:4754–4766
van Bokhoven JA, Louis C, Miller JT et al (2006) Activation of oxygen on gold/alumina catalysts: in situ high-energy-resolution fluorescence and time-resolved X-ray spectroscopy. Angew Chem 118:4767–4770
Tromp M, van Bokhoven JA, Safonova OV et al (2007) High energy resolution fluorescence detection X‐ray absorption spectroscopy: detection of adsorption sites in supported metal catalysts. AIP Conf Proc 882:651–653
Glatzel P, Singh J, Kvashnina KO et al (2010) In situ characterization of the 5d density of states of Pt nanoparticles upon adsorption of CO. J Am Chem Soc 132:2555–2557
Hübner M, Koziej D, Bauer M et al (2011) The structure and behavior of platinum in SnO2-based sensors under working conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:2841–2844
Oudenhuijzen MK, van Bokhoven JA, Miller JT et al (2005) Three-site model for hydrogen adsorption on supported platinum particles: influence of support ionicity and particle size on the hydrogen coverage. J Am Chem Soc 127:1530–1540
Tromp M, Slagt MQ, Klein Gebbink RJM et al (2004) Atomic XAFS as a probe of electron transfer within organometallic complexes: data analysis and theoretical calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 6:4397–4406
Porosoff MD, Yu W, Chen JG (2013) Challenges and opportunities in correlating bimetallic model surfaces and supported catalysts. J Catal 308:2–10
Evans J (1989) EXAFS in the study of catalysts. In: Bond GC, Webb G (ed) Catalysis: volume 8, The Royal Society of Chemistry, p 1–41
Sayers DE, Stern EA, Lytle FW (1971) New technique for investigating noncrystalline structures: Fourier analysis of the extended X-ray-absorption fine structure. Phys Rev Lett 27:1204–1207
Stern EA (1974) Theory of the extended X-ray-absorption fine structure. Phys Rev B 10:3027–3037
Lytle FW, Sayers DE, Stern EA (1975) Extended X-ray-absorption fine-structure technique. II. Experimental practice and selected results. Phys Rev B 11:4825–4835
Stern EA, Sayers DE, Lytle FW (1975) Extended X-ray-absorption fine-structure technique. III. Determination of physical parameters. Phys Rev B 11:4836–4846
Lee PA, Pendry JB (1975) Theory of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure. Phys Rev B 11:2795–2811
Sinfelt JH, Via GH, Lytle FW (1978) Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of supported platinum catalysts. J Chem Phys 68:2009–2010
Via GH, Sinfelt JH, Lytle FW (1979) Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of dispersed metal catalysts. J Chem Phys 71:690–699
Sinfelt JH, Via GH, Lytle FW (1980) Structure of bimetallic clusters. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) studies of Ru–Cu clusters. J Chem Phys 72:4832–4844
Via GH, Sinfelt JH, Lytle FW (1981) EXAFS studies of supported metal catalysts. In: Joy DC, Teo BK (eds) EXAFS spectroscopy. Springer, New York, pp 159–162
Mustre J, Yacoby Y, Stern EA et al (1990) Analysis of experimental extended X-ray-absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) data using calculated curved-wave, multiple-scattering EXAFS spectra. Phys Rev B 42:10843–10851
Frenkel AI, Yevick A, Cooper C et al (2011) Modeling the structure and composition of nanoparticles by extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy. Annu Rev Anal Chem 4:23–39
Calvin S, Miller MM, Goswami R et al (2003) Determination of crystallite size in a magnetic nanocomposite using extended X-ray absorption fine structure. J Appl Phys 94:778–783
Montejano-Carrizales JM, Aguilera-Granja F, Morán-López JL (1997) Direct enumeration of the geometrical characteristics of clusters. Nanostruct Mater 8:269–287
Montejano-Carrizales JM, Morán-López JL (1992) Geometrical characteristics of compact nanoclusters. Nanostruct Mater 1:397–409
Li Y, Zakharov D, Zhao S et al (2015) Complex structural dynamics of nanocatalysts revealed in operando conditions by correlated imaging and spectroscopy probes. Nat Commun
Frenkel AI, Frankel SC, Liu T (2005) Structural stability of giant polyoxomolybdate molecules as probed by EXAFS. Phys Sci 2005:721
Frenkel AI, Hills CW, Nuzzo RG (2001) A view from the inside: complexity in the atomic scale ordering of supported metal nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 105:12689–12703
Roldan Cuenya B, Croy JR, Mostafa S et al (2010) Solving the structure of size-selected Pt nanocatalysts synthesized by inverse micelle encapsulation. J Am Chem Soc 132:8747–8756
Stern EA (1988) Theory of EXAFS. In: Koningsberger DC, Prins R (eds) X-ray absorption: principles, applications, techniques of EXAFS, SEXAFS, and XANES. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Yevick A, Frenkel AI (2010) Effects of surface disorder on EXAFS modeling of metallic clusters. Phys Rev B 81:115451
Chill ST, Anderson RM, Yancey DF et al (2015) Probing the limits of conventional extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis using thiolated gold nanoparticles. ACS Nano 9:4036–4042
Roscioni OM, Zonias N, Price SWT et al (2011) Computational prediction of L 3 EXAFS spectra of gold nanoparticles from classical molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Rev B 83:115409
Vila F, Rehr JJ, Kas J et al (2008) Dynamic structure in supported Pt nanoclusters: real-time density functional theory and X-ray spectroscopy simulations. Phys Rev B 78:121404
Frenkel A, Yang J, Johnson D et al (2009) Nanoscale atomic clusters, complexity of. In: Meyers RA (ed) Encyclopedia of complexity and systems science. Springer, New York, pp 5889–5912
Frenkel AI (1999) Solving the structure of nanoparticles by multiple-scattering EXAFS analysis. J Synchrotron Radiat 6:293–295
Frenkel AI, Cason MW, Elsen A et al (2014) Critical review: effects of complex interactions on structure and dynamics of supported metal catalysts. J Vac Sci Technol A 32:020801
Matos J, Ono LK, Behafarid F et al (2012) In situ coarsening study of inverse micelle-prepared Pt nanoparticles supported on γ-Al2O3: pretreatment and environmental effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 14:11457–11467
Paredis K, Ono LK, Mostafa S et al (2011) Structure, chemical composition, and reactivity correlations during the in situ oxidation of 2-Propanol. J Am Chem Soc 133:6728–6735
Munoz-Paez A, Koningsberger DC (1995) Decomposition of the precursor [Pt(NH3)4](OH)2, genesis and structure of the metal-support interface of alumina supported platinum particles: a structural study using TPR, MS, and XAFS spectroscopy. J Phys Chem 99:4193–4204
Giovanetti LJ, Ramallo-López JM, Foxe M et al (2012) Shape changes of Pt nanoparticles induced by deposition on mesoporous silica. Small 8:468–473
Vaarkamp M, Miller JT, Modica FS et al (1996) On the relation between particle morphology, structure of the metal-support interface, and catalytic properties of Pt/γ-Al2O3. J Catal 163:294–305
Vaarkamp M, Modica FS, Miller JT et al (1993) Influence of hydrogen pretreatment on the structure of the metal-support interface in Pt/zeolite catalysts. J Catal 144:611–626
Jentys A (1999) Estimation of mean size and shape of small metal particles by EXAFS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 1:4059–4063
Beale AM, Weckhuysen BM (2010) EXAFS as a tool to interrogate the size and shape of mono and bimetallic catalyst nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 12:5562–5574
Long NV, Asaka T, Matsubara T et al (2011) Shape-controlled synthesis of Pt–Pd core–shell nanoparticles exhibiting polyhedral morphologies by modified polyol method. Acta Mater 59:2901–2907
Long NV, Duy Hien T, Asaka T et al (2011) Synthesis and characterization of Pt–Pd alloy and core-shell bimetallic nanoparticles for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs): Enhanced electrocatalytic properties of well-shaped core-shell morphologies and nanostructures. Int J Hydr Energ 36:8478–8491
Anderson JA, Garcia MF (eds) (2005) Supported metals in catalysis. Imperial College Press, London
Guczi L (2005) Bimetallic nano-particles: featuring structure and reactivity. Catal Today 101:53–64
Bukhtiyarov VG, Slin’ko M (2001) Metallic nanosystems in catalysis. Russ Chem Rev 70:147–159
Bazin D, Mottet C, Tréglia G (2000) New opportunities to understand heterogeneous catalysis processes on nanoscale bimetallic particles through synchrotron radiation and theoretical studies. Appl Catal A: Gen 200:47–54
Rase HF (2000) Handbook of commercial catalysts: heterogeneous catalysts. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Yang OB, Woo SI, Kim YG (1994) Comparison of platinum-iridium bimetallic catalysts supported on γ-alumina and HY-zeolite in n-hexane reforming reaction. Appl Catal A: Gen 115:229–241
Nashner MS, Frenkel AI, Adler DL et al (1997) Structural characterization of carbon-supported platinum − ruthenium nanoparticles from the molecular cluster precursor PtRu5C(CO)16. J Am Chem Soc 119:7760–7771
Nashner MS, Frenkel AI, Somerville D et al (1998) Core shell inversion during nucleation and growth of bimetallic Pt/Ru nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 120:8093–8101
Hills CW, Nashner MS, Frenkel AI et al (1999) Carbon support effects on bimetallic Pt − Ru nanoparticles formed from molecular precursors. Langmuir 15:690–700
Knecht MR, Weir MG, Frenkel AI et al (2007) Structural rearrangement of bimetallic alloy PdAu nanoparticles within dendrimer templates to yield core/shell configurations. Chem Mater 20:1019–1028
Weir MG, Knecht MR, Frenkel AI et al (2009) Structural analysis of PdAu dendrimer-encapsulated bimetallic nanoparticles. Langmuir 26:1137–1146
Toshima N, Harada M, Yonezawa T et al (1991) Structural analysis of polymer-protected palladium/platinum bimetallic clusters as dispersed catalysts by using extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. J Phys Chem 95:7448–7453
Toshima N, Yonezawa T (1998) Bimetallic nanoparticles-novel materials for chemical and physical applications. New J Chem 22:1179–1201
Asakura K, Bian CR, Suzuki S et al (2005) An XAFS study on the polymer protected CuPd bimetallic nanoparticles – a novel heterobond-philic structure. Phys Sci T115:781
Harada M, Asakura K, Toshima N (1994) Structural analysis of polymer-protected platinum/rhodium bimetallic clusters using extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Importance of microclusters for the formation of bimetallic clusters. J Phys Chem 98:2653–2662
Kulkarni UD, Banerjee S, Krishnan RV (1985) On clustering and ordering instabilities in FCC solid solutions. Mater Sci Forum 3:111–121
Ma E (2005) Alloys created between immiscible elements. Prog Mater Sci 50:413–509
Cowley JM (1950) An approximate theory of order in alloys. Phys Rev 77:669–675
Cowley JM (1960) Short- and long-range order parameters in disordered solid solutions. Phys Rev 120:1648–1657
Cowley JM (1965) Short-range order and long-range order parameters. Phys Rev 138:A1384–A1389
Agostini G, Pellegrini R, Leofanti G et al (2009) Determination of the particle size, available surface area, and nature of exposed sites for silica-alumina-supported Pd nanoparticles: a multitechnical approach. J Phys Chem C 113:10485–10492
Hwang B-J, Sarma LS, Chen J-M et al (2005) Structural models and atomic distribution of bimetallic nanoparticles as investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 127:11140–11145
Frenkel AI (2012) Applications of extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy to studies of bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 41:8163–8178
Flavell WR, Mian M, Roberts AJ et al (1997) EXAFS studies of SrSn1-xSbxO3 and BaPb1-xBixO3. J Mater Chem 7:357–364
Michel CG, Bambrick WE, Ebel RH et al (1995) Reducibility of rhenium in Pt-Re/Al2O3 reforming catalysts: a temperature programmed reduction-X-ray-absorption near-edge structure study. J Catal 154:222–229
Rønning M, Gjervan T, Prestvik R et al (2001) Influence of pretreatment temperature on the bimetallic interactions in Pt-Re/Al2O3 reforming catalysts studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Catal 204:292–304
Ravel B, Bouldin CE, Renevier H et al (1999) Edge separation using diffraction anomalous fine structure. J Synchrotron Radiat 6:338–340
Ravel B, Bouldin CE, Renevier H et al (1999) X-ray-absorption edge separation using diffraction anomalous fine structure. Phys Rev B 60:778–785
Glatzel P, de Groot FMF, Manoilova O et al (2005) Range-extended EXAFS at the L edge of rare earths using high-energy-resolution fluorescence detection: A study of La in LaOCl. Phys Rev B 72:014117
Yano J, Pushkar Y, Glatzel P et al (2005) High-resolution Mn EXAFS of the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II: structural implications for the Mn4Ca cluster. J Am Chem Soc 127:14974–14975
Pushkar Y, Yano J, Glatzel P et al (2007) Structure and orientation of the Mn4Ca cluster in plant photosystem II membranes studied by polarized range-extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 282:7198–7208
Frenkel AI, van Bokhoven JA (2014) X-ray spectroscopy for chemical and energy sciences: the case of heterogeneous catalysis. J Synchrotron Radiat 21:1084–1089
Hitchcock AP, Toney MF (2014) Spectromicroscopy and coherent diffraction imaging: focus on energy materials applications. J Synchrotron Radiat 21:1019–1030
Kang HC, Yan H, Chu YS et al (2013) Oxidation of PtNi nanoparticles studied by a scanning X-ray fluorescence microscope with multi-layer Laue lenses. Nanoscale 5:7184–7187
Fraile Rodríguez A, Nolting F, Bansmann J et al (2007) X-ray imaging and spectroscopy of individual cobalt nanoparticles using photoemission electron microscopy. J Magn Magn Mater 316:426–428
Xin HL, Alayoglu S, Tao R et al (2014) Revealing the atomic restructuring of Pt–Co nanoparticles. Nano Lett 14:3203–3207
Vendelbo SB, Elkjær CF, Falsig H et al (2014) Visualization of oscillatory behaviour of Pt nanoparticles catalysing CO oxidation. Nat Mater 13:884–890
Billinge SJL, Levin I (2007) The problem with determining atomic structure at the nanoscale. Science 316:561–565
Zhao S, Li Y, Zakharov D et al Operando characterization of catalysts with a portable microreactor
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Li, Y., Frenkel, A.I. (2017). Metal Nanocatalysts. In: Iwasawa, Y., Asakura, K., Tada, M. (eds) XAFS Techniques for Catalysts, Nanomaterials, and Surfaces. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43866-5_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43866-5_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-43864-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-43866-5
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)