Zusammenfassung
Global navigation satellite system (GlossaryTerm
GNSS
)-based atmosphere sounding techniques have become a widely recognized and operationally used remote sensing tool. A major milestone of this development was the beginning of the continuous use of GNSS data for improving regional and global forecasts in 2006. The principle behind these techniques is the utilization of atmospheric propagation effects on the GNSS signals on their way from the navigation satellites to receivers on the ground or aboard satellites. The atmosphere delays the time of arrival and introduces a curvature of the signal path. These effects can be accurately estimated and be used for the monitoring of the atmospheric variability. There are two different observation geometries. Therefore, we focus in the first part of this chapter on ground-based networks which are used to estimate the amount of water vapor above each receiver site. The second part deals with the use of radio occultation measurements from GNSS receivers aboard low Earth orbit satellites for global atmosphere sounding. We introduce and describe both techniques which provide observations suitable for the short-term weather forecasting and the long-term time series for climate research and monitoring.Access this chapter
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Abbreviations
- ECMWF:
-
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
- ESA:
-
European Space Agency
- GLONASS:
-
Global’naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikova Sistema (Russian Global Navigation Satellite System)
- GNSS:
-
global navigation satellite system
- GPS:
-
Global Positioning System
- GRAS:
-
GNSS receiver for atmospheric sounding
- IGS:
-
International GNSS Service
- ISS:
-
International Space Station
- JPL:
-
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- LEO:
-
low Earth orbit
- MEO:
-
medium Earth orbit
- NASA:
-
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- NMF:
-
Niell mapping function
- NWP:
-
numerical weather prediction
- PCV:
-
phase center variation
- PLL:
-
phase lock loop
- QZSS:
-
Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
- RO:
-
radio occultation
- RTK:
-
real-time kinematic
- SA:
-
selective availability
- SLTA:
-
straight line tangent point altitude
- SNR:
-
signal-to-noise ratio
- UTC:
-
Coordinated Universal Time
- VLBI:
-
very long baseline interferometry
- ZHD:
-
zenith hydrostatic delay
- ZTD:
-
zenith troposphere delay
- ZWD:
-
zenith wet delay
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Acknowledgements
The authors want to thank several colleagues for providing information and figures: Chi On Ao (JPL), Christina Arras (GFZ), Georg Beyerle (GFZ), Galina Dick (GFZ), Axel von Engeln (EUMETSAT), Antonia Faber (GFZ), Rüdiger Haas (Chalmers), Sean Healy (ECMWF), Stefan Heise (GFZ), Tong Ning (Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority), Torsten Schmidt (GFZ), Hans-Georg Scherneck (Chalmers), Bill Schreiner (UCAR), Andrea Steiner (Wegener Center), Tom Yunck (GeoOptics), and Florian Zus (GFZ).
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Elgered, G., Wickert, J. (2017). Monitoring of the Neutral Atmosphere. In: Teunissen, P.J., Montenbruck, O. (eds) Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_38
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