Skip to main content

Addictive Disorders in Severe Obesity and After Bariatric Surgery

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Psychiatric Care in Severe Obesity

Abstract

In this chapter, we discuss addictive disorders in severe obesity, a very important clinical consideration in this patient population. The chapter begins with an overview of the prevalence of substance use disorders in severely obese and bariatric surgery patient populations, followed by a discussion of the neurobiological and physiological correlates of addiction and obesity. We discuss tools for addiction screening and summarize the various forms of psychosocial and pharmacological treatment options for addiction in the context of severe obesity. We finish the chapter with a vignette to help integrate the information learned in this chapter into a clinical scenario.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Farhat T, Iannotti RJ, Simons-Morton BG. Overweight, obesity, youth, and health-risk behaviors. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(3):258–67.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. McLaren L, Beck CA, Patten SB, Fick GH, Adair CE. The relationship between body mass index and mental health. A population-based study of the effects of the definition of mental health. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2008;43(1):63–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Levine MD, Courcoulas AP, Pilkonis PA, Ringham RM, et al. Psychiatric disorders among bariatric surgery candidates: relationship to obesity and functional health status. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(2):328–34. quiz 74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. King WC, Chen JY, Mitchell JE, Kalarchian MA, Steffen KJ, Engel SG, et al. Prevalence of alcohol use disorders before and after bariatric surgery. JAMA. 2012;307(23):2516–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Suzuki J, Haimovici F, Chang G. Alcohol use disorders after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2012;22(2):201–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Mitchell JE, Selzer F, Kalarchian MA, Devlin MJ, Strain GW, Elder KA, et al. Psychopathology before surgery in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery-3 (LABS-3) psychosocial study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(5):533–41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Dawes AJ, Maggard-Gibbons M, Maher AR, Booth MJ, Miake-Lye I, Beroes JM, et al. Mental health conditions among patients seeking and undergoing bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;315(2):150–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Black DW, Goldstein RB, Mason EE. Psychiatric diagnosis and weight loss following gastric surgery for obesity. Obes Surg. 2003;13(5):746–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Rosenberger PH, Henderson KE, Grilo CM. Psychiatric disorder comorbidity and association with eating disorders in bariatric surgery patients: a cross-sectional study using structured interview-based diagnosis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(7):1080–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sarwer DB, Cohn NI, Gibbons LM, Magee L, Crerand CE, Raper SE, et al. Psychiatric diagnoses and psychiatric treatment among bariatric surgery candidates. Obes Surg. 2004;14(9):1148–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Grace DM, Pederson L, Speechley KN, McAlpine D. A longitudinal study of smoking status and weight loss following gastroplasty in a group of morbidly obese patients. Int J Obes. 1990;14(4):311–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lent MR, Hayes SM, Wood GC, Napolitano MA, Argyropoulos G, Gerhard GS, et al. Smoking and alcohol use in gastric bypass patients. Eat Behav. 2013;14(4):460–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Tae B, Pelaggi ER, Moreira JG, Waisberg J, de Matos LL, D’Elia G. Impact of bariatric surgery on depression and anxiety symptoms, bulimic behaviors and quality of life. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2014;41(3):155–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Raebel MA, Newcomer SR, Reifler LM, Boudreau D, Elliott TE, DeBar L, et al. Chronic use of opioid medications before and after bariatric surgery. JAMA. 2013;310(13):1369–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mitchell JE, Steffen K, Engel S, King WC, Chen JY, Winters K, et al. Addictive disorders after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11(4):897–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Wiedemann AA. Differences between post-bariatric patients and controls in a substance abuse rehabilitation program: Implications for treatment. Eastern Michigan University; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Conason A, Teixeira J, Hsu CH, Puma L, Knafo D, Geliebter A. Substance use following bariatric weight loss surgery. JAMA Surg. 2013;148(2):145–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Svensson PA, Anveden A, Romeo S, Peltonen M, Ahlin S, Burza MA, et al. Alcohol consumption and alcohol problems after bariatric surgery in the Swedish obese subjects study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(12):2444–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2013 national survey on drug use and health: summary of national findings. Rockville, MD: Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA); 2014. NSDUH Series H-48, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Ogburn E, Grant BF. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(7):830–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fowler L, Ivezaj V, Saules KK. Problematic intake of high-sugar/low-fat and high glycemic index foods by bariatric patients is associated with development of post-surgical new onset substance use disorders. Eat Behav. 2014;15(3):505–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ivezaj V, Saules KK, Schuh LM. New-onset substance use disorder after gastric bypass surgery: rates and associated characteristics. Obes Surg. 2014;24(11):1975–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Reslan S, Saules KK, Greenwald MK, Schuh LM. Substance misuse following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Subst Use Misuse. 2014;49(4):405–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Changchien EM, Woodard GA, Hernandez-Boussard T, Morton JM. Normal alcohol metabolism after gastric banding and sleeve gastrectomy: a case-cross-over trial. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;215(4):475–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Gallo AS, Berducci MA, Nijhawan S, Nino DF, Broderick RC, Harnsberger CR, et al. Alcohol metabolism is not affected by sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Endosc. 2015;29(5):1088–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Raebel MA, Newcomer SR, Bayliss EA, Boudreau D, DeBar L, Elliott TE, et al. Chronic opioid use emerging after bariatric surgery. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2014;23(12):1247–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Wendling A, Wudyka A. Narcotic addiction following gastric bypass surgery—a case study. Obes Surg. 2011;21(5):680–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Engel SG, Kahler KA, Lystad CM, Crosby RD, Simonich HK, Wonderlich SA, et al. Eating behavior in obese BED, obese non-BED, and non-obese control participants: a naturalistic study. Behav Res Ther. 2009;47(10):897–900.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Nestler EJ. Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction? Nat Neurosci. 2005;8(11):1445–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Salamone JD, Correa M, Farrar A, Mingote SM. Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007;191(3):461–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Salamone JD, Cousins MS, Snyder BJ. Behavioral functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine: empirical and conceptual problems with the anhedonia hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1997;21(3):341–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bassareo V, Di Chiara G. Modulation of feeding-induced activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by appetitive stimuli and its relation to motivational state. Eur J Neurosci. 1999;11(12):4389–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Martel P, Fantino M. Mesolimbic dopaminergic system activity as a function of food reward: a microdialysis study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1996;53(1):221–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Berridge KC, Robinson TE. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1998;28(3):309–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Noble EP, Gottschalk LA, Fallon JH, Ritchie TL, Wu JC. D2 dopamine receptor polymorphism and brain regional glucose metabolism. Am J Med Genet. 1997;74(2):162–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. Obesity and addiction: neurobiological overlaps. Obes Rev. 2013;14(1):2–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Volkow ND, Baler RD. NOW vs LATER brain circuits: implications for obesity and addiction. Trends Neurosci. 2015;38(6):345–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fineberg NA, Potenza MN, Chamberlain SR, Berlin HA, Menzies L, Bechara A, et al. Probing compulsive and impulsive behaviors, from animal models to endophenotypes: a narrative review. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35(3):591–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Johnson PM, Kenny PJ. Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats. Nat Neurosci. 2010;13(5):635–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Hebebrand J, Albayrak O, Adan R, Antel J, Dieguez C, de Jong J, et al. “Eating addiction”, rather than “food addiction”, better captures addictive-like eating behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;47:295–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Klok MD, Jakobsdottir S, Drent ML. The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: a review. Obes Rev. 2007;8(1):21–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, Breen PA, Ma MK, Dellinger EP, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(21):1623–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Karamanakos SN, Vagenas K, Kalfarentzos F, Alexandrides TK. Weight loss, appetite suppression, and changes in fasting and postprandial ghrelin and peptide-YY levels after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective, double blind study. Ann Surg. 2008;247(3):401–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Jerlhag E, Egecioglu E, Dickson SL, Andersson M, Svensson L, Engel JA. Ghrelin stimulates locomotor activity and accumbal dopamine-overflow via central cholinergic systems in mice: implications for its involvement in brain reward. Addict Biol. 2006;11(1):45–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Skibicka KP, Hansson C, Egecioglu E, Dickson SL. Role of ghrelin in food reward: impact of ghrelin on sucrose self-administration and mesolimbic dopamine and acetylcholine receptor gene expression. Addict Biol. 2012;17(1):95–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Davis JF, Schurdak JD, Magrisso IJ, Mul JD, Grayson BE, Pfluger PT, et al. Gastric bypass surgery attenuates ethanol consumption in ethanol-preferring rats. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72(5):354–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Davis JF, Tracy AL, Schurdak JD, Magrisso IJ, Grayson BE, Seeley RJ, et al. Roux en Y gastric bypass increases ethanol intake in the rat. Obes Surg. 2013;23(7):920–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Hajnal A, Zharikov A, Polston JE, Fields MR, Tomasko J, Rogers AM, et al. Alcohol reward is increased after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in dietary obese rats with differential effects following ghrelin antagonism. PLoS One. 2012;7(11), e49121.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Munzberg H. Leptin-signaling pathways and leptin resistance. Forum Nutr. 2010;63:123–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Pan H, Guo J, Su Z. Advances in understanding the interrelations between leptin resistance and obesity. Physiol Behav. 2014;130:157–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Grosshans M, Vollmert C, Vollstadt-Klein S, Tost H, Leber S, Bach P, et al. Association of leptin with food cue-induced activation in human reward pathways. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(5):529–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Simon JJ, Skunde M, Hamze Sinno M, Brockmeyer T, Herpertz SC, Bendszus M, et al. Impaired cross-talk between mesolimbic food reward processing and metabolic signaling predicts body mass index. Front Behav Neurosci. 2014;8:359.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Steffen KJ, Engel SG, Wonderlich JA, Pollert GA, Sondag C. Alcohol and other addictive disorders following bariatric surgery: prevalence, risk factors and possible etiologies. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23(6):442–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hagedorn JC, Encarnacion B, Brat GA, Morton JM. Does gastric bypass alter alcohol metabolism? Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007;3(5):543–8. discussion 8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lee SL, Chau GY, Yao CT, Wu CW, Yin SJ. Functional assessment of human alcohol dehydrogenase family in ethanol metabolism: significance of first-pass metabolism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30(7):1132–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Heinberg LJ, Ashton K. History of substance abuse relates to improved postbariatric body mass index outcomes. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6(4):417–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Pulcini ME, Saules KK, Schuh LM. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients hospitalized for substance use disorders achieve successful weight loss despite poor psychosocial outcomes. Clin Obes. 2013;3(3–4):95–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Clark MM, Balsiger BM, Sletten CD, Dahlman KL, Ames G, Williams DE, et al. Psychosocial factors and 2-year outcome following bariatric surgery for weight loss. Obes Surg. 2003;13(5):739–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Yanos BR, Saules KK, Schuh LM, Sogg S. Predictors of lowest weight and long-term weight regain among Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients. Obes Surg. 2015;25(8):1364–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Scheffel O, Daskalakis M, Weiner RA. Two important criteria for reducing the risk of postoperative ulcers at the gastrojejunostomy site after gastric bypass: patient compliance and type of gastric bypass. Obes Facts. 2011;4 Suppl 1:39–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Haskins IN, Amdur R, Vaziri K. The effect of smoking on bariatric surgical outcomes. Surg Endosc. 2014;28(11):3074–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Stroh C, Meyer F, Manger T. Beriberi, a severe complication after metabolic surgery—review of the literature. Obes Facts. 2014;7(4):246–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Aasheim ET. Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Ann Surg. 2008;248(5):714–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Amundsen A, Grant M. Alcohol consumption and related problems among primary health care patients: WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption—I. Addiction. 1993;88(3):349–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ewing JA. Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA. 1984;252(14):1905–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bernadt MW, Mumford J, Taylor C, Smith B, Murray RM. Comparison of questionnaire and laboratory tests in the detection of excessive drinking and alcoholism. Lancet. 1982;1(8267):325–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kitchens JM. Does this patient have an alcohol problem? JAMA. 1994;272(22):1782–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption—II. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791–804.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: guidelines for use in primary care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Bradley KA, Bush KR, McDonell MB, Malone T, Fihn SD. Screening for problem drinking: comparison of CAGE and AUDIT. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13(6):379–88.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Heinberg LJ, Ashton K, Coughlin J. Alcohol and bariatric surgery: review and suggested recommendations for assessment and management. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(3):357–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Woodard GA, Downey J, Hernandez-Boussard T, Morton JM. Impaired alcohol metabolism after gastric bypass surgery: a case-crossover trial. J Am Coll Surg. 2011;212(2):209–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ashton K, Heinberg L, Merrell J, Lavery M, Windover A, Alcorn K. Pilot evaluation of a substance abuse prevention group intervention for at-risk bariatric surgery candidates. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9(3):462–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Miller WR, Rollnick S. Talking oneself into change: motivational interviewing, stages of change, and therapeutic process. J Cogn Psychother. 2004;18(4):299–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. DiClemente CC, Prochaska JO, Fairhurst SK, Velicer WF, Velasquez MM, Rossi JS. The process of smoking cessation: an analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991;59(2):295–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Ockene JK, Quirk ME, Goldberg RJ, Kristeller JL, Donnelly G, Kalan KL, et al. A residents’ training program for the development of smoking intervention skills. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148(5):1039–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lundahl B, Burke BL. The effectiveness and applicability of motivational interviewing: a practice-friendly review of four meta-analyses. J Clin Psychol. 2009;65(11):1232–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Burke BL, Arkowitz H, Menchola M. The efficacy of motivational interviewing: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71(5):843–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Irvin JE, Bowers CA, Dunn ME, Wang MC. Efficacy of relapse prevention: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999;67(4):563–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Miller WR, Wilbourne PL. Mesa Grande: a methodological analysis of clinical trials of treatments for alcohol use disorders. Addiction. 2002;97(3):265–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Miller W, Brown J, Simpson T, Handmaker N, Bien T, Luckie L, et al. What works? A methodological analysis of the alcohol treatment outcome literature. In: Hester RK, Miller WR, editors. Handbook of alcoholism treatment approaches: effective alternatives. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon; 1995. p. 12–44.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Yeary J. The use of overeaters anonymous in the treatment of eating disorders. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1987;19(3):303–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Room R, Greenfield T. Alcoholics anonymous, other 12-step movements and psychotherapy in the US population, 1990. Addiction. 1993;88(4):555–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Twelve steps and twelve traditions. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc.; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Project MATCH secondary a priori hypotheses. Project MATCH Research Group. Addiction. 1997;92(12):1671–98.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Greenway FL, Fujioka K, Plodkowski RA, Mudaliar S, Guttadauria M, Erickson J, et al. Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9741):595–605.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Bray GA, Hollander P, Klein S, Kushner R, Levy B, Fitchet M, et al. A 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of topiramate for weight loss in obesity. Obes Res. 2003;11(6):722–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Moriguti JC, Moriguti EK, Ferriolli E, de Castilho Cacao J, Iucif Jr N, Marchini JS. Involuntary weight loss in elderly individuals: assessment and treatment. Sao Paulo Med J. 2001;119(2):72–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Aubin HJ, Farley A, Lycett D, Lahmek P, Aveyard P. Weight gain in smokers after quitting cigarettes: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;345, e4439.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Nolan MB, Warner DO. Safety and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy in the perioperative period: a narrative review. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(11):1553–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Kampman KM, Pettinati H, Lynch KG, Dackis C, Sparkman T, Weigley C, et al. A pilot trial of topiramate for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;75(3):233–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Fenn JM, Laurent JS, Sigmon SC. Increases in body mass index following initiation of methadone treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2015;51:59–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sanjeev Sockalingam .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zhou, C., Sockalingam, S. (2017). Addictive Disorders in Severe Obesity and After Bariatric Surgery. In: Sockalingam, S., Hawa, R. (eds) Psychiatric Care in Severe Obesity. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42536-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42536-8_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42534-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-42536-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics