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The Intranasal Trigeminal System

  • Chapter
Springer Handbook of Odor

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

The trigeminal nerve is the fifth and thickest cranial nerve and not only it is responsible for facial sensation and motor functioning, but it is also responsible for chemosensory perception. On top of innervating the skin of the face, the trigeminal nerve also innervates the mucosa of the nose and mouth. Here, chemosensory perception starts with the activation of different receptors, the most important and best known ones being the transient receptor potential (GlossaryTerm

TRP

) channels which give rise to sensations such as burning, warmth, coolness, coldness, and pain. From the mucosa, the trigeminal chemosensory information is conveyed through the trigeminal ganglion to the thalamic nuclei in the brain stem; from here fibers project to both, the somatosensory cortex and chemosensory areas of the brain.

Most odors stimulate the trigeminal system, in addition to the olfactory system, especially in higher concentrations. However, overlaps between both sensory systems are not limited to the stimulus level, as they interact with each other on peripheral (mucosa) and central (brain) levels. As a consequence, subjects with a lacking olfactory system show lower trigeminal sensitivity and subjects with a lack of trigeminal sensitivity show lower olfactory activations.

Different techniques are available to assess the state and the functionality of the trigeminal system. Such techniques include behavioral assessment by testing participants lacking a sense of smell – in order to exclude olfactory interference – as well as administrating different types of stimuli (pure odorants, pure trigeminal, or a mix of both). More objective measures include electrophysiological methods that evaluate the peripheral and central activations via the negative mucosal potentials (NMPs) and the trigeminal event-related potentials (GlossaryTerm

ERP

s), respectively, as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging, and to a lesser extent, positron emission tomography (GlossaryTerm

PET

).

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Abbreviations

CNS:

central nervous system

EEG:

electroencephalography

ERP:

event-related potential

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

PEA:

phenylethylalcohol

PET:

positron emission tomography

tERP:

trigeminal event-related potential

TRP:

transient receptor potential

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Acknowledgements

We thank Cristian Petrescu for help with the illustrations. JF is supported by the Research Centre of Sacré-Coeur Hospital in Montréal, the University of Québec in Trois-Rivières, the Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; SM is supported by a scholarship from NSERC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, QC G9A 5H7, Trois-Rivières, Canada

    Johannes Frasnelli

  2. Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, 90 avenue Vincent d’Indy, QC H2V 2S9, Montréal, Canada

    Simona Manescu

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  1. Johannes Frasnelli
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Correspondence to Johannes Frasnelli .

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  1. Fraunhofer-Institut for Process Engineering and Packaging, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany

    Andrea Buettner

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Frasnelli, J., Manescu, S. (2017). The Intranasal Trigeminal System. In: Buettner, A. (eds) Springer Handbook of Odor. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26932-0_46

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