Skip to main content

Immigrant Youth and Navigating Unique Systems That Interact with Treatment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Psychotherapy for Immigrant Youth

Abstract

Understanding the challenges that immigrant children and their families face as part of the immigration process to the United States of America (USA) is a reflection of their circumstances of arrival and is essential for providing clinical services. Immigrant youth and their families may arrive as refugees, political asylum seekers, or both. Children and youth are particularly vulnerable to being part of a child-trafficking forced migration. Because of these unique circumstances, case management and service coordination often become a significant part of treatment. In many cases, simultaneous coordination between traditional patient care (i.e., general practitioner, psychiatrist, and psychologist), a case manager, a resettlement agency, an attorney, and specific governmental agencies is indicated. Adding to these complications are possible language and cultural barriers that come with migration. With these barriers, children may become cultural brokers to their parents, which has its advantages and disadvantages. Explanations of these systems and specific barriers that immigrant youth and mental health workers may encounter are presented. Case studies are presented in order to help illustrate how clinicians can help patients overcome these barriers and have a successful immigration experience.

An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24693-2_10

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Dow HD. An overview of stressors faced by immigrants and refugees: a guide for mental health practitioners. Home Health Care Manag Pract. 2011;23(3):210–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Tribe R. Mental health of refugees and asylum-seekers. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2002;8(4):240–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Masten A. Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. Am Psychol. 2001;56(3):227–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Jablensky A, Marsella AJ, Ekblad S, Jansson B, Levi L, Borneman T. Refugee mental health and well-being: conclusions and recommendations. In: Marsella AJ, Borneman T, Ekblad S, Orley J, editors. Amidst peril and pain. The mental health and well-being of the world’s refugees. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1994. p. 327–39.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. UNHCR. Asylum-seekers; 2015. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c137.html

  6. UN General Assembly, Draft Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 14 December 1950, A/RES/429. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f08a27.html

  7. USCIS. Refugees; 2015. Retrieved from http://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-asylum/refugees

  8. Fazel M, Reed R, Tyrer R. Treating forcibly displaced young people: global challenges in mental health care. In: Patel S, Reicherter D, editors. Psychotherapy for immigrant youth. New York: Springer; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  9. UNHCR. Global report: North America and the Caribbean subregional overview; 2009. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/4c08f28f9.html

  10. Office of Immigration Statistics. 2013 yearbook of immigration statistics; 2014. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_yb_2013_0.pdf

  11. Pyszczynski T, Kesebir P. Anxiety buffer disruption theory: a terror management account of posttraumatic stress disorder. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2011;24(1):3–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Janoff-Bulman R. Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: applications of the schema construct. Soc Cogn. 1989;7:113–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Janoff-Bulman R. Shattered assumptions: towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Abdollahi A, Pyszczynski T, Maxfield M, Luszczynska A. Posttraumatic stress reactions as a disruption in anxiety-buffer functioning: dissociation and responses to mortality salience as predictors of severity of posttraumatic symptoms. Psychol Trauma. 2011;3(4):329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T, Solomon S. The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: a terror management theory. In: Baumeister RF, editor. Public self and private self. New York: Springer; 1986. p. 189–212.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  16. Chatard A, Pyszczynski T, Arndt J, Selimbegović L, Konan PN, Van der Linden M. Extent of trauma exposure and PTSD symptom severity as predictors of anxiety-buffer functioning. Psychol Trauma. 2012;4(1):47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Edmondson D, Chaudoir SR, Mills MA, Park CL, Holub J, Bartkowiak JM. From shattered assumptions to weakened worldviews: trauma symptoms signal anxiety buffer disruption. J Loss Trauma. 2011;16(4):358–85.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Kesebir P, Luszczynska A, Pyszczynski T, Benight C. Posttraumatic stress disorder involves disrupted anxiety-buffer mechanisms. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2011;30(8):819–41. doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.8.819.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Pyszczynski T, Greenberg J, Solomon S, Arndt J, Schimel J. Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychol Bull. 2004;130(3):435–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. USCIS. Asylum; 2015. Retrieved from http://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-asylum/asylum

  21. UNHCR. Handbook and guidelines on procedures and criteria for determining refugee status; 2011. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/3d58e13b4.html

  22. USCIS. I-589 Application for asylum and withholding of removal; 2015. Retrieved from http://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/files/form/i-589.pdf

  23. Cox P. Issues in safeguarding refugee and asylum-seeking children and young people: research and practice. Child Abuse Rev. 2011;20(5):341–60. doi:10.1002/car.1200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. NOLO. When an asylee or refugee can apply for U.S. citizenship; 2015. Retrieved from http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/when-asylee-refugee-can-apply-us-citizenship.html

  25. United States Department of Justice. Asylum statistics; 2014. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/04/16/FY2009-FY2013AsylumStatisticsbyNationality.pdf

  26. USCIS. Questions and answers: appeals and motions; 2015. http://www.uscis.gov/forms/questions-and-answers-appeals-and-motions

  27. Amnesty International. US: Catch-22 for Asylum Seekers; 2013. https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/12/us-catch-22-asylum-seekers

  28. USCIS. Minor children applying for asylum by themselves; 2015. http://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-asylum/asylum/minor-children-applying-asylum-themselves

  29. Van Selm J. Public-private partnerships in refugee resettlement: Europe and the US. J Int Migr Integr. 2003;4(2):157–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Stein BN. The experience of being a refugee: insights from the research literature. In: Williams CL, Westermeyer J, editors. Refugee mental health in resettlement countries. Washington, DC: Hemisphere; 1986. p. 5–23.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Fix M, Zimmermann W, Passel J. The integration of immigrant families in the United States. Washington, DC: Urban Institute; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Miller KE, Rasmussen A. War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(1):7–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. H.R. Res. 613, 106th Congress, 114 Cong. Rec. 3244 (2000) (enacted).

    Google Scholar 

  34. United States Department of State. Trafficking in persons report; 2004. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2004/34021.htm

  35. National Human Trafficking Resource Center. T visa and the trauma exception; 2015. Retrieved from http://traffickingresourcecenter.org/resources/t-visa-and-trauma-exception

  36. Barnett ED. Infectious disease screening for refugees resettled in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(6):833–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cecchet SJ, Thoburn J. The psychological experience of child and adolescent sex trafficking in the United States: trauma and resilience in survivors. Psychol Trauma. 2014;6(5):482–93. doi:10.1037/a0035763.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Ijadi-Maghsoodi R, Todd EJ, Bath EJ. Commercial sexual exploitation of children and the role of the child psychiatrist. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(8):825–9. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.05.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Oppedal B, Idsoe T. The role of social support in the acculturation and mental health of unaccompanied minor asylum seekers. Scand J Psychol. 2015;56(2):203–11. doi:10.1111/sjop.12194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Seugling CJ. Toward a comprehensive response to the transnational migration of unaccompanied minors in the United States. Vand J Transnat’l L. 2004;37(3):861–95.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Martinez LM. Dreams deferred: the impact of legal reforms on undocumented Latino youth. Am Behav Sci. 2014;58(14):1873–90. doi:10.1177/0002764214550289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Lorentzen L, Gonzalez J, Chun K, Do I. Religion at the corner of bliss and nirvana: politics, identity and faith in new migrant communities. Durham: Duke University Press; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Donnelly TT, Hwang JJ, Este D, Ewashen C, Adair C, Clinton M. If I was going to kill myself, I wouldn’t be calling you. I am asking for help: Challenges influencing immigrant and refugee women’s mental health. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2011;32(5):279–90. doi:10.3109/01612840.2010.550383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Nazzal KH, Forghany M, Geevarughese MC, Mahmoodi V, Wong J. An innovative community-oriented approach to prevention and early intervention with refugees in the United States. Psychol Serv. 2014;11(4):477.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Infante C, Idrovo AJ, Sánchez-Domínguez MS, Vinhas S, González-Vázquez T. Violence committed against migrants in transit: experiences on the northern Mexican border. J Immigr Minor Health. 2012;14(3):449–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Perreira KM, Ornelas IJ. The physical and psychological well-being of immigrant children. Futur Child. 2011;21(1):195–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Pumariega AJ, Rothe E, Pumariega JB. Mental health of immigrants and refugees. Commun Ment Health J. 2005;41(5):581–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Berry JW. Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Appl Psychol. 1997;46(1):10.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Alvarez M. The experience of migration: a relational approach in therapy. J Fem Fam Ther. 1999;11(1):1–29. doi:10.1300/J086v11n01_01.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Igoa C. The inner world of the immigrant child. New York: St. Martin’s Press; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Castillo LG, Zahn MP, Cano MA. Predictors of familial acculturative stress in Asian American College students. J Coll Couns. 2012;15:52–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Jenkins MA, Langlais PJ, Delis D, Cohen R. Learning and memory in rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatr. 1998;155(2):278–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bloemraad I. Becoming a citizen in the United States and Canada: structured mobilization and immigrant political incorporation. Soc Forces. 2006;85(2):667–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Morales A, Hanson WE. Language brokering: an integrative review of the literature. Hisp J Behav Sci. 2005;27(4):471–503. doi:10.1177/0739986305281333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Weisskirch RS. Family relationships, self-esteem, and self-efficacy among language brokering Mexican American emerging adults. J Child Fam Stud. 2013;22(8):1147–55. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9678-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Dorner LM, Orellana MF, Jiménez R. ‘It’s one of those things that you do to help the family’: Language brokering and the development of immigrant adolescents. J Adolesc Res. 2008;23(5):515–43. doi:10.1177/0743558408317563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Kam JA. The effects of language brokering frequency and feelings on Mexican‐heritage youth’s mental health and risky behaviors. J Commun. 2011;61(3):455–75. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01552.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Kam JA, Lazarevic V. The stressful (and not so stressful) nature of language brokering: identifying when brokering functions as a cultural stressor for Latino immigrant children in early adolescence. J Youth Adolesc. 2014;43(12):1994–2011. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0061-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Roubeni S, De Haene L, Keatley E, Shah N, Rasmussen A. ‘If we can’t do it, our children will do it one day’: a qualitative study of West African immigrant parents’ losses and educational aspirations for their children. Am Educ Res J. 2015;52(2):275–305. doi:10.3102/0002831215574576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David E. Reed II M.S. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reed, D.E., Ruebsamen, M., Livingston, J., Eltareb, F. (2016). Immigrant Youth and Navigating Unique Systems That Interact with Treatment. In: Patel, S., Reicherter, D. (eds) Psychotherapy for Immigrant Youth. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24693-2_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24693-2_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24691-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24693-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics