Abstract
Understanding the challenges that immigrant children and their families face as part of the immigration process to the United States of America (USA) is a reflection of their circumstances of arrival and is essential for providing clinical services. Immigrant youth and their families may arrive as refugees, political asylum seekers, or both. Children and youth are particularly vulnerable to being part of a child-trafficking forced migration. Because of these unique circumstances, case management and service coordination often become a significant part of treatment. In many cases, simultaneous coordination between traditional patient care (i.e., general practitioner, psychiatrist, and psychologist), a case manager, a resettlement agency, an attorney, and specific governmental agencies is indicated. Adding to these complications are possible language and cultural barriers that come with migration. With these barriers, children may become cultural brokers to their parents, which has its advantages and disadvantages. Explanations of these systems and specific barriers that immigrant youth and mental health workers may encounter are presented. Case studies are presented in order to help illustrate how clinicians can help patients overcome these barriers and have a successful immigration experience.
An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24693-2_10
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Dow HD. An overview of stressors faced by immigrants and refugees: a guide for mental health practitioners. Home Health Care Manag Pract. 2011;23(3):210–7.
Tribe R. Mental health of refugees and asylum-seekers. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2002;8(4):240–7.
Masten A. Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. Am Psychol. 2001;56(3):227–38.
Jablensky A, Marsella AJ, Ekblad S, Jansson B, Levi L, Borneman T. Refugee mental health and well-being: conclusions and recommendations. In: Marsella AJ, Borneman T, Ekblad S, Orley J, editors. Amidst peril and pain. The mental health and well-being of the world’s refugees. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1994. p. 327–39.
UNHCR. Asylum-seekers; 2015. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c137.html
UN General Assembly, Draft Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 14 December 1950, A/RES/429. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f08a27.html
USCIS. Refugees; 2015. Retrieved from http://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-asylum/refugees
Fazel M, Reed R, Tyrer R. Treating forcibly displaced young people: global challenges in mental health care. In: Patel S, Reicherter D, editors. Psychotherapy for immigrant youth. New York: Springer; 2015.
UNHCR. Global report: North America and the Caribbean subregional overview; 2009. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/4c08f28f9.html
Office of Immigration Statistics. 2013 yearbook of immigration statistics; 2014. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_yb_2013_0.pdf
Pyszczynski T, Kesebir P. Anxiety buffer disruption theory: a terror management account of posttraumatic stress disorder. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2011;24(1):3–26.
Janoff-Bulman R. Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: applications of the schema construct. Soc Cogn. 1989;7:113–36.
Janoff-Bulman R. Shattered assumptions: towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press; 1992.
Abdollahi A, Pyszczynski T, Maxfield M, Luszczynska A. Posttraumatic stress reactions as a disruption in anxiety-buffer functioning: dissociation and responses to mortality salience as predictors of severity of posttraumatic symptoms. Psychol Trauma. 2011;3(4):329.
Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T, Solomon S. The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: a terror management theory. In: Baumeister RF, editor. Public self and private self. New York: Springer; 1986. p. 189–212.
Chatard A, Pyszczynski T, Arndt J, Selimbegović L, Konan PN, Van der Linden M. Extent of trauma exposure and PTSD symptom severity as predictors of anxiety-buffer functioning. Psychol Trauma. 2012;4(1):47.
Edmondson D, Chaudoir SR, Mills MA, Park CL, Holub J, Bartkowiak JM. From shattered assumptions to weakened worldviews: trauma symptoms signal anxiety buffer disruption. J Loss Trauma. 2011;16(4):358–85.
Kesebir P, Luszczynska A, Pyszczynski T, Benight C. Posttraumatic stress disorder involves disrupted anxiety-buffer mechanisms. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2011;30(8):819–41. doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.8.819.
Pyszczynski T, Greenberg J, Solomon S, Arndt J, Schimel J. Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychol Bull. 2004;130(3):435–68.
USCIS. Asylum; 2015. Retrieved from http://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-asylum/asylum
UNHCR. Handbook and guidelines on procedures and criteria for determining refugee status; 2011. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/3d58e13b4.html
USCIS. I-589 Application for asylum and withholding of removal; 2015. Retrieved from http://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/files/form/i-589.pdf
Cox P. Issues in safeguarding refugee and asylum-seeking children and young people: research and practice. Child Abuse Rev. 2011;20(5):341–60. doi:10.1002/car.1200.
NOLO. When an asylee or refugee can apply for U.S. citizenship; 2015. Retrieved from http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/when-asylee-refugee-can-apply-us-citizenship.html
United States Department of Justice. Asylum statistics; 2014. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/04/16/FY2009-FY2013AsylumStatisticsbyNationality.pdf
USCIS. Questions and answers: appeals and motions; 2015. http://www.uscis.gov/forms/questions-and-answers-appeals-and-motions
Amnesty International. US: Catch-22 for Asylum Seekers; 2013. https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/12/us-catch-22-asylum-seekers
USCIS. Minor children applying for asylum by themselves; 2015. http://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-asylum/asylum/minor-children-applying-asylum-themselves
Van Selm J. Public-private partnerships in refugee resettlement: Europe and the US. J Int Migr Integr. 2003;4(2):157–75.
Stein BN. The experience of being a refugee: insights from the research literature. In: Williams CL, Westermeyer J, editors. Refugee mental health in resettlement countries. Washington, DC: Hemisphere; 1986. p. 5–23.
Fix M, Zimmermann W, Passel J. The integration of immigrant families in the United States. Washington, DC: Urban Institute; 2001.
Miller KE, Rasmussen A. War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(1):7–16.
H.R. Res. 613, 106th Congress, 114 Cong. Rec. 3244 (2000) (enacted).
United States Department of State. Trafficking in persons report; 2004. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2004/34021.htm
National Human Trafficking Resource Center. T visa and the trauma exception; 2015. Retrieved from http://traffickingresourcecenter.org/resources/t-visa-and-trauma-exception
Barnett ED. Infectious disease screening for refugees resettled in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(6):833–41.
Cecchet SJ, Thoburn J. The psychological experience of child and adolescent sex trafficking in the United States: trauma and resilience in survivors. Psychol Trauma. 2014;6(5):482–93. doi:10.1037/a0035763.
Ijadi-Maghsoodi R, Todd EJ, Bath EJ. Commercial sexual exploitation of children and the role of the child psychiatrist. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(8):825–9. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.05.005.
Oppedal B, Idsoe T. The role of social support in the acculturation and mental health of unaccompanied minor asylum seekers. Scand J Psychol. 2015;56(2):203–11. doi:10.1111/sjop.12194.
Seugling CJ. Toward a comprehensive response to the transnational migration of unaccompanied minors in the United States. Vand J Transnat’l L. 2004;37(3):861–95.
Martinez LM. Dreams deferred: the impact of legal reforms on undocumented Latino youth. Am Behav Sci. 2014;58(14):1873–90. doi:10.1177/0002764214550289.
Lorentzen L, Gonzalez J, Chun K, Do I. Religion at the corner of bliss and nirvana: politics, identity and faith in new migrant communities. Durham: Duke University Press; 2009.
Donnelly TT, Hwang JJ, Este D, Ewashen C, Adair C, Clinton M. If I was going to kill myself, I wouldn’t be calling you. I am asking for help: Challenges influencing immigrant and refugee women’s mental health. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2011;32(5):279–90. doi:10.3109/01612840.2010.550383.
Nazzal KH, Forghany M, Geevarughese MC, Mahmoodi V, Wong J. An innovative community-oriented approach to prevention and early intervention with refugees in the United States. Psychol Serv. 2014;11(4):477.
Infante C, Idrovo AJ, Sánchez-Domínguez MS, Vinhas S, González-Vázquez T. Violence committed against migrants in transit: experiences on the northern Mexican border. J Immigr Minor Health. 2012;14(3):449–59.
Perreira KM, Ornelas IJ. The physical and psychological well-being of immigrant children. Futur Child. 2011;21(1):195–218.
Pumariega AJ, Rothe E, Pumariega JB. Mental health of immigrants and refugees. Commun Ment Health J. 2005;41(5):581–97.
Berry JW. Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Appl Psychol. 1997;46(1):10.
Alvarez M. The experience of migration: a relational approach in therapy. J Fem Fam Ther. 1999;11(1):1–29. doi:10.1300/J086v11n01_01.
Igoa C. The inner world of the immigrant child. New York: St. Martin’s Press; 1995.
Castillo LG, Zahn MP, Cano MA. Predictors of familial acculturative stress in Asian American College students. J Coll Couns. 2012;15:52–64.
Jenkins MA, Langlais PJ, Delis D, Cohen R. Learning and memory in rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatr. 1998;155(2):278–9.
Bloemraad I. Becoming a citizen in the United States and Canada: structured mobilization and immigrant political incorporation. Soc Forces. 2006;85(2):667–95.
Morales A, Hanson WE. Language brokering: an integrative review of the literature. Hisp J Behav Sci. 2005;27(4):471–503. doi:10.1177/0739986305281333.
Weisskirch RS. Family relationships, self-esteem, and self-efficacy among language brokering Mexican American emerging adults. J Child Fam Stud. 2013;22(8):1147–55. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9678-x.
Dorner LM, Orellana MF, Jiménez R. ‘It’s one of those things that you do to help the family’: Language brokering and the development of immigrant adolescents. J Adolesc Res. 2008;23(5):515–43. doi:10.1177/0743558408317563.
Kam JA. The effects of language brokering frequency and feelings on Mexican‐heritage youth’s mental health and risky behaviors. J Commun. 2011;61(3):455–75. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01552.x.
Kam JA, Lazarevic V. The stressful (and not so stressful) nature of language brokering: identifying when brokering functions as a cultural stressor for Latino immigrant children in early adolescence. J Youth Adolesc. 2014;43(12):1994–2011. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0061-z.
Roubeni S, De Haene L, Keatley E, Shah N, Rasmussen A. ‘If we can’t do it, our children will do it one day’: a qualitative study of West African immigrant parents’ losses and educational aspirations for their children. Am Educ Res J. 2015;52(2):275–305. doi:10.3102/0002831215574576.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reed, D.E., Ruebsamen, M., Livingston, J., Eltareb, F. (2016). Immigrant Youth and Navigating Unique Systems That Interact with Treatment. In: Patel, S., Reicherter, D. (eds) Psychotherapy for Immigrant Youth. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24693-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24693-2_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24691-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24693-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)