Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology and Aerobiology of Botrytis spp.

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Botrytis – the Fungus, the Pathogen and its Management in Agricultural Systems

Abstract

A thorough understanding of the epidemiology and aerobiology of Botrytis-induced diseases is essential for the design of rational management strategies. B. cinerea and other Botrytis spp. are important pathogens of ornamental, fruit, vegetable, and legume crops, and Botrytis-induced diseases can be found in nurseries, fields, greenhouses, and in storage. Although a generic outline of the life cycle of Botrytis spp. can be drawn, there are large variations depending on the host, agricultural practices, environmental conditions, and the geographical region. A Botrytis epidemic comprises a sequence of processes (perennation and infection, colonization, conidiation, and conidia dispersal), each of which is influenced by the host and the surrounding environment. The survival of Botrytis spp. between cropping seasons and the dispersal of conidia to uninfected plants are critical phases of the Botrytis-induced disease cycle, because if either phase is prevented, the disease will be delayed or will not occur. For most Botrytis-induced diseases, the pathogen reproduces profusely and asexually by air-dispersed conidia. Hence aerobiology plays a key role in understanding the epidemiology of Botrytis spp., which have developed a variety of strategies to infect and colonize their host. With a view to the design of best management practices, this chapter reviews the epidemiology and aerobiology of some important Botrytis-induced diseases and discuss the influence of the host, the environment, and agricultural practices on disease development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alderman SC, Lacy ML (1983) Influence of dew period and temperature on infection of onion leaves by dry conidia of Botrytis squamosa. Phytopathology 73:1020–1023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alderman SC, Lacy ML (1984a) Influence of temperature and moisture on growth and sporulation of Botrytis squamosa. Can J Bot 62:2793–2797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alderman SC, Lacy ML (1984b) Influence of leaf position and maturity on development of Botrytis squamosa in onion leaves. Phytopathology 74:1461–1463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alderman SC, Lacy MI, Everts KL (1985) Influence of interruptions of dew period on numbers of lesions produced on onion by Botrytis squamosa. Phytopathology 75:808–811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Araújo AE, Maffia LA, Mizubuti ESG et al (2005) Survival of Botrytis cinerea as mycelium in rose crop debris and as Sclerotia in soil. Fitopatol Bras 30:516–521

    Google Scholar 

  • Backhouse D, Willetts HJ (1984) A histochemical study of sclerotia of Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis fabae. Can J Microbiol 30:171–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boff P (2001) Epidemiology and biological control of grey mould in annual strawberry crops. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 128 p. doi.org/10.1590/S0100-41582003000100011

    Google Scholar 

  • Boff P, Kastelein P, De Kraker J et al (2001) Epidemiology of grey mould in annual waiting-bed production of strawberry. Eur J Plant Pathol 107:615–624

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boivin G, Sauriol P (1984) Dispersion statistics and sequential sampling plan for leaf blight caused by Botrytis squamosa in onions. Phytopathology 74:1385–1387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Børve J, Stensvand A (2004) Non-abscised aborted sweet cherry fruits are vulnerable to fruit decaying fungi and may be sources of infection for healthy fruits. Acta Agric Scand Sect B Soil Plant Sci 54:31–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Børve J, Flatland S, Vangdal E, Stensvand A (2005) Non-abscised aborted fruits are a source of inoculum for fungal pathogens causing fruit decay in sweet cherry. Acta Horticult 667:499–501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun PG, Sutton JC (1987) Inoculum sources of Botrytis cinerea in fruit rot of strawberries in Ontario. Can J Plant Pathol 9:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun PG, Sutton JC (1988) Infection cycles and population dynamics of Botrytis cinerea in strawberry leaves. Can J Plant Pathol 10:133–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bristow PR, McNicol RJ, Williamson B (1986) Infection of strawberry flowers by Botrytis cinerea and its relevance to grey mould development. Ann Appl Biol 109:545–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broome JC, English JT, Marois JJ et al (1995) Development of an infection model for Botrytis bunch rot of grapes based on wetness duration and temperature. Phytopathology 85:97–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bulger MA, Ellis MA, Madden LV (1987) Influence of temperature and wetness duration on infection of strawberry flowers by Botrytis cinerea and disease incidence of fruit originating from infected flowers. Phytopathology 77:1225–1230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carisse O, Van Der Heyden H (2015) Relationship of airborne Botrytis cinerea conidium concentration to tomato flower and stem infections. Plant Dis 99:137–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carisse O, McCartney HA, Gagnon JA, Brodeur L (2005) Quantification of airborne inoculum as an aid in the management of leaf blight of onion caused by Botrytis squamosa. Plant Dis 89:726–733

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carisse O, McRoberts N, Brodeur L (2008a) Comparison of monitoring- and weather-based risk indicators of botrytis leaf blight of onion and determination of action thresholds. Can J Plant Pathol 30:442–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carisse O, Savary S, Willocquet L (2008b) Spatiotemporal relationships between disease development and airborne inoculum in unmanaged and managed botrytis leaf blight epidemics. Phytopathology 98:38–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carisse O, Tremblay DM, Lévesque CA et al (2009) Development of a TaqMan real-time PCR assay for quantification of airborne conidia of Botrytis squamosa and management of botrytis leaf blight of onion. Phytopathology 99:1273–1280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carisse O, Tremblay DM, McDonald MR, Brodeur L, McRoberts N (2011) Management of botrytis leaf blight of onion: the Quebec experience of 20 years of continual improvement. Plant Dis 95:504–514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carisse O, Levasseur A, Van der Heyden H (2012) A new risk indicator for botrytis leaf blight of onion caused by Botrytis squamosa based on infection efficiency of airborne inoculum. Plant Pathol 61:1154–1164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carisse O, Tremblay DM, Lefebvre A (2015) Comparison of Botrytis cinerea airborne inoculum progress curves from raspberry, strawberry and grape plantings. Plant Pathol 63:983–993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chastagner GA, Ogawa JM, Manji BT (1978) Dispersal of Botrytis cinerea in tomato fields. Phytopathology 68:1172–1176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coertze S, Holz G (1999) Surface colonization, penetration, and lesion formation on grapes inoculated fresh or after cold storage with single airborne conidia of Botrytis cinerea. Plant Dis 8:917–924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coertze S, Holz G, Sadie A (2001) Germination and establishment of infection on grape berries by single airborne conidia of Botrytis cinerea. Plant Dis 85:668–675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coley-Smith JR (1980) Sclerotia and other structures of survival. In: Coley-Smith JR, Verhoeff K, Jarvis WR (eds) The biology of Botrytis. Academic, London, pp 85–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Coley-Smith JR, Cooke RC (1971) Survival and germination of fungal sclerotia. Annu Rev Phytopathol 9:65–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coley-Smith JHR, Javed ZUR (1970) Testing the viability of fungal sclerotia. Ann Appl Biol 65:59–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Kock SL, Holz G (1992) Blossom-end rot of pears: systemic infection of flowers and immature fruit by Botrytis cinerea. J Phytopathol 135:317–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de los Blanco C, Santos B, Romero F (2006) Relationship between concentrations of Botrytis cinerea conidia in air, environmental conditions, and the incidence of grey mould in strawberry flowers and fruits. Eur J Plant Pathol 114:415–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Visser CLM (1996) Field evaluation of a supervised control system for botrytis leaf blight in spring sown onions in the Netherlands. Eur J Plant Pathol 102:795–805

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dean R, Van Kan JAL, Pretorius ZA et al (2012) The top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. Mol Plant Pathol 13:414–430

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeWolf ED, Isard SA (2007) Disease cycle approach to plant disease prediction. Annu Rev Phytopathol 45:203–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elad Y, Williamson B, Tudzynski P, Delen N (2004) Botrytis spp. and diseases they cause in agricultural systems – an introduction. In: Elad Y, Williamson B, Tudzynski P, Delen N (eds) Botrytis: biology, pathology and control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellerbrock LA, Lorbeer JW (1977a) Survival of sclerotia and conidia of Botrytis squamosa. Phytopathology 67:219–225. doi: 0.1094/Phyto-67-219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellerbrock LA, Lorbeer JW (1977b) Sources of primary inoculum of Botrytis squamosa. Phytopathology 67:363–372. doi: 10.1094/Phyto-67-363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmer PAG, Michailides TJ (2007) Epidemiology of Botrytis cinerea in orchard and vine crops. In: Elad Y, Williamson B, Tudzynski P, Delen N (eds) Botrytis: biology, pathology and control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 243–272

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Entwistle AR (1987) Inoculum production and survival in fungi which form sclerotia. In: Pegg GF, Ayres GA (eds) Fungal infection of plants. Symposium of the British Mycological Society, Cambridge, pp 349–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Epton HAS, Richmond DV (1980) Formation, structure and germination of conidia. In: Coley-Smith JR, Verhoeff K, Jarvis WR (eds) The biology of Botrytis. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison JG, Lowe R (1987) Wind dispersal of conidia of Botrytis spp. pathogenic to Vicia faba. Plant Pathol 36:5–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoksbergen T (2010) Impact of Botrytis cinerea on vineyard returns and wine quality. Grape Day seminar, Proceedings, Marlborough, New Zealand Wine growers

    Google Scholar 

  • Holz G, Gütschow M, Coertze S, Calitz FJ (2003) Occurrence of Botrytis cinerea and subsequent disease expression at different positions on leaves and bunches of grape. Plant Dis 87:351–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh TF, Huang JW, Hsiang T (2001) Light and scanning electron microscopy studies on the infection of oriental lily leaves by Botrytis elliptica. Eur J Plant Pathol 107:571–581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis WR (1962a) The infection of strawberry and raspberry fruits by Botrytis cinerea Fr. Ann Appl Biol 50:569–575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis WR (1962b) The dispersal of spores of Botrytis cinerea Fr. in a raspberry plantation. Trans Br Mycol Soc 45:549–559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis WR (1962c) The epidemiology of Botrytis cinerea Pers. in strawberries. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Horticultural Congress, pp 258–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis WR (1969) The phenology of flowering in strawberry and raspberry in relation to grey mould control. Hortic Res 9:8–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis WR (1980a) Taxonomy. In: Coley-Smith JR, Verhoeff K, Jarvis WR (eds) The biology of Botrytis. Academic, London, pp 1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis WR (1980b) Epidemiology. In: Coley-Smith JR, Verhoeff K, Jarvis WR (eds) The biology of Botrytis. Academic, London, pp 219–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaspers MV, Seyb AM, Trought MCT, Balasubramaniam R (2013) Overwintering grapevine debris as an important source of Botrytis cinerea inoculum. Plant Pathol 62:130–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Javed ZUR (1977) Studies of the behaviour in soil of five sclerotium-forming fungi. Trans Mycol Soc Jpn 18:111–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson KB, Powelson ML (1983) Analysis of spore dispersal gradients of Botrytis cinerea and gray mold disease gradient in snap bean. Phytopathology 73:741–746

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorbeer JW (1966) Diurnal periodicity of Botrytis squamosa conidia in the air. Phytopathology 56:887 (abstr)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marois JJ, Nelson JK, Morrison JC et al (1986) The influence of berry contact within grape clusters on the development of Botrytis cinerea and epicuticular wax. Am J Enol Viticult 37:293–296

    Google Scholar 

  • McKay AH, Hill GN, Beresford RM (2012) Comparison of sampling procedures for estimating botrytis bunch rot incidence in New Zealand vineyards. NZ Plant Protect 65:241–248

    Google Scholar 

  • McNicol RJ, Williamson B (1989) Systemic infection of black currant flowers by Botrytis cinerea and its possible involvement in premature abscission of fruits. Ann Appl Biol 114:243–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mertely JC, Chandler CK, Xiao CL, Legard DE (2000) Comparison of sanitation and fungicides for management of Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry. Plant Dis 84:1197–1202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michailides TJ, Elmer PAG (2000) Botrytis gray mold of kiwifruit caused by Botrytis cinerea in United States and New Zealand. Plant Dis 84:208–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nair NG, Nadtotchei A (1987) Sclerotia of Botrytis as a source of primary inoculum for bunch rot of grapes in New-South-Wales, Australia. J Phytopathol 119:42–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nair NG, Emmett RW, Parker FE (1988) Some factors predisposing grape berries to infection by Botrytis cinerea. NZ J Exp Agric 16:257–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair NG, Guilbaud-Oulton S, Barchia I, Emmett R (1995) Significance of carry over inoculum, flower infection and latency on the incidence of Botrytis cinerea in berries of grapevines at harvest in New South Wales. Austr J Exp Agric 35:1177–1180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powelson RL (1960) Initiation of strawberry fruit rot caused by Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathology 50:491–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Raposo R, Gomez V, Urrutia T, Melgarejo P (2001) Survival of Botrytis cinerea in southeastern Spanish greenhouses. Eur J Plant Pathol 107:229–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salinas J, Glandorf DCM, Picavet ED, Verhoeff K (1989) Effects of temperature, relative humidity and age of conidia in the incidence of spotting on gerbera flowers caused by Botrytis cinerea. Neth J Plant Pathol 95:51–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seyb AM (2004) Botrytis cinerea inoculum sources in the vineyard system. PhD thesis, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand, 227 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoemaker PB, Lorbeer JW (1971) Spray volume, interval, and fungicide rate for control of botrytis leaf blight of onion. Plant Dis Rep 55:565–569

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoemaker PB, Lorbeer JW (1977) The role of dew and temperature in the epidemiology of botrytis leaf blight of onions. Phytopathology 67:1267–1272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spotts RA, Cervantes LA (2001) Disease incidence-inoculum dose relationships for Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum and decay of pear fruit using dry, airborne conidia. Plant Dis 85:755–759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spotts RA, Holz G (1996) Adhesion and removal of conidia of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum from grape and plum fruit surfaces. Plant Dis 80:688–691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spotts RA, Serdani M (2006) Inoculum sources of Botrytis cinerea important to pear orchards in Oregon. Plant Dis 90:750–754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stromeng GM, Hjeljord LG, Stensvand A (2009) Relative contribution of various sources of Botrytis cinerea inoculum in strawberry fields in Norway. Plant Dis 93:1305–1310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton JC (1990) Epidemiology and management of botrytis leaf blight of onion and gray mold of strawberry: a comparative analysis. Can J Plant Pathol 12:100–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton JC, Swanton CJ, Gillespie TJ (1978) Relation of weather variables and host factors to incidence of airborne spores of Botrytis squamosa. Can J Bot 56:2460–2469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton JC, James TDW, Dale A (1988) Harvesting and bedding practices in relation to grey mould of strawberries. Ann Appl Biol 113:167–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas AC, Kotze JM, Matthee FN (1983) Development of a technique for the recovery of soilborne sclerotia of Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathology 73:1374–1376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas CS, Marois JJ, English JT (1988) The effects of wind speed, temperature and relative humidity on development of aerial mycelium and conidia of Botrytis cinerea on grape. Phytopathology 78:260–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Heyden H, Carisse O, Brodeur L (2012) Comparison of monitoring based indicators for initiating fungicide spray programs to control botrytis leaf blight of onion. Crop Prot 33:21–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Plank JE (1963) Plant diseases: epidemics and control. Academic, New York, p 349

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincelli PC, Lorbeer JW (1987) Sequential sampling plan for timing initial fungicide application to control botrytis leaf blight of onion. Phytopathology 77:1301–1303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viret O, Keller M, Jaudzems VG, Cole FM (2004) Botrytis cinerea infection of grape flowers: light and electron microscopical studies of infection sites. Phytopathology 94:850–857

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walter M, Boyd-Wilson KSH, Stanley J, et al (1997) Epidemiology of Botrytis cinerea in boysenberry (Rubus spp.). In: Proceedings of the 50th New Zealand plant protection rot Conf, pp 93–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter M, Harris-Virgin P, Waipara NW et al (2004) From the laboratory to the field: litter management for control of Botrytis cinerea in boysenberry gardens. Fruits (Paris) 59:291–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson B, Tudzynski B, Tudzynski P, Van Kan JAL (2007) Botrytis cinerea: the cause of grey mould disease. Mol Plant Pathol 8:561–580

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X-M, Harris DC, Berrie AM (2000) Modeling infection of strawberry flowers by Botrytis cinerea using field data. Phytopathology 90:1367–1413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yunis H, Elad Y (1989) Survival of dicarboximide-resistant strains of botrytis cinerea in plant debris during summer in Israel. Phytoparasitica 17:13–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada, J3B 3E6

    Odile Carisse

Authors
  1. Odile Carisse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Odile Carisse .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre de Versailles-Grignon, INRA, Thiverval-Grignon, France

    Sabine Fillinger

  2. Dept. Plant Path. and Weed Res., ARO, Bet Dagan, Israel

    Yigal Elad

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Carisse, O. (2016). Epidemiology and Aerobiology of Botrytis spp.. In: Fillinger, S., Elad, Y. (eds) Botrytis – the Fungus, the Pathogen and its Management in Agricultural Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23371-0_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation