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Rare Earth Elements and Algae: Physiological Effects, Biorefinery and Recycling

  • Chapter
Algal Biorefineries

Abstract

This chapter discusses new and multiple uses of rare earth elements (REEs) in modern commercial, industrial and military products and their ecological effects on the aquatic environment, with a particular focus on algae. Their unique physical and chemical properties, global locations and availability are described. Various applications for REEs, which may involve algae, are reviewed, including uses as fertilizers, markers, tracers, “bloom killers”, or as biochemical agents such as tracers or bioindicators for physiological studies. We describe the ecological implications of increased release of REEs into the environment through mining, agricultural and industrial activities, as well as the possibility of using algae for bioremediation and recycling purposes. We conclude that a better understanding of the bioavailability, toxicity and uptake of REEs, as well as their physiological implications for algae at the molecular, enzymatic and life-cycle levels, are vital for environmentally-friendly production and use of these valuable resources.

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Acknowledgements

We thank John Brooker for critical reading and language corrections of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (grant numbers M200201205, and RVO 61388971) and by the National Programme of Sustainability I, ID: LO1416.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Opatovický mlýn, 37981, Třeboň, Czech Republic

    Franz Goecke, Vilém Zachleder & Milada Vítová

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  1. Franz Goecke
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  2. Vilém Zachleder
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  3. Milada Vítová
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Correspondence to Milada Vítová .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    Aleš Prokop

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA

    Rakesh K. Bajpai

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA

    Mark E. Zappi

List of Abbreviations

List of Abbreviations

EC50 :

half maximal effective concentration

ICP-MS:

inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Ln:

lanthanide series of elements

REE:

rare earth elements

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Goecke, F., Zachleder, V., Vítová, M. (2015). Rare Earth Elements and Algae: Physiological Effects, Biorefinery and Recycling. In: Prokop, A., Bajpai, R., Zappi, M. (eds) Algal Biorefineries. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20200-6_10

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