Abstract
Abiotic stresses, such as salinity, drought, extreme temperatures, chemical toxicity and oxidative stress represent a grave threat to agriculture dramatically affecting the crop production around the world. Climate changes are projected to have a significant impact on temperature and precipitation profiles increasing the incidence and severity of climate changes-related stresses and reducing in particular the productivity of rain-fed crops. In fact, drought and salinity stresses determine the primary cause of worldwide crop loss. Plant adaptation to environmental stresses is based on the activation of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction, and expression of specific stress-related genes and metabolites. Plants respond to the stresses in part by modulating gene expression in order to restore cellular homeostasis, detoxifying the toxins present into the cells and through the recovery of growth.
In present chapter the physiological and biochemical aspects of plant response to water stresses are reviewed together with the new frontiers studies on the genetic tools on stress tolerance. The recent exploitation of next generation resources applied to the functional genomics combined with a gradual increasing in transformation frequencies for many grasses, is supporting the study and the manipulation of abiotic stresses in grasses, notably increasing the plant tolerance. Mutational analysis and microarrays have led to the identification of numerous candidate genes involved in a series of stresses comprising drought, salt, freezing, and heat. The variability found in the genetic traits related with abiotic stress tolerance has permitted to identify and mapping several candidate genes and has confirmed the importance of wild relatives to identify the traits that domestication has canceled in the selected lines. The recent knowledge on candidate genes organization has led to the identification of promising allelic variants that, through Marker Assisted Selection (MAS), can be easily transferred into the susceptible commercial lines. Thence, the advent and development of molecular markers in quantitative genetics have greatly facilitated the study of complex quantitatively inherited traits by the construction of high density genome linkage maps for crops such as wheat. The identification of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) ruling the genetic variability of the traits controlling such tolerance and the consequent manipulation to use in MAS is of crucial importance. The knowledge of the number and effects of QTLs can help breeders to understand the genetic control of these traits and to design more efficient selection strategies for improvement. To date, the modern commercial cultivars, able to survive to severe abiotic stresses regimes performing a good level of productivity, are the result of this activity.
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Abbreviations
- ABA:
-
Abscisic acid
- ALDH:
-
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
- HSPs:
-
Heat Shock proteins
- LEA:
-
Late Embryogenesis Abundant
- MAS:
-
Marker Assisted Selection
- NILs:
-
Near Isogenic Lines
- NSCs:
-
Non Selective Cation Channels
- QTLs:
-
Quantitative Traits Loci
- RILs:
-
Recombinant Inbred Lines
- ROS:
-
Reactive Oxygen Species
- TFBSs:
-
Transcription Factors Binding Sites.
- TFs:
-
Transcription Factors
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Mondini, L., Pagnotta, M.A. (2015). Drought and Salt Stress in Cereals. In: Lichtfouse, E., Goyal, A. (eds) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16988-0_1
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