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From Ice to Penguins: The Role of Mathematics in Antarctic Research

  • Conference paper
Mathematics of Energy and Climate Change

Part of the book series: CIM Series in Mathematical Sciences ((CIMSMS,volume 2))

Abstract

Mathematics underpins all modern Antarctic science as illustrated by numerous activities carried out during the international year “Mathematics for Planet Earth”. Here, we provide examples of some ongoing applications of mathematics in a wide range of Antarctic science disciplines: (1) Feeding and foraging of marine predators; (2) Fisheries management and ecosystem modelling; and (3) Climate change research. Mathematics has allowed the development of diverse models of physical and ecological processes in the Antarctic. It has provided insights into the past dynamics of these systems and allows projections of potential future conditions, which are essential for understanding and managing the effects of fishing and climate change. Highly specific methods and models have been developed to address particular questions in each discipline, from the detailed analyses of remote-sensed predator tracking data to the assessment of the outputs from multiple global climate models. A key issue, that is common to all disciplines, is how to deal with the inherent uncertainty that arises from limited data availability and the assumptions or simplifications that are necessary in the analysis and modeling of interacting processes. With the continued rapid development of satellite-based and remote observation systems (e.g. ocean drifters and automatic weather stations), and of new methods for genetic analyses of biological systems, a step-change is occurring in the magnitude of data available on all components of Antarctic systems. These changes in data availability have already led to the development of new methods and algorithms for their efficient collection, validation, storage and analysis. Further progress will require the development of a wide range of new and innovative mathematical approaches, continuing the trend of world science becoming increasingly international and interdisciplinary.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Alberto Pinto and his team for organizing such an excellent conference in bringing scientists from a wide range of research disciplines during the year on “Mathematics for Planet Earth”. We also thank Janet Silk and Peter Fretwell for preparing Figs. 2 and 6 respectively. This work has the support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Portugal (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) and the research programs CEPH, SCAR AnT-ERA, PROPOLAR and ICED. It is a contribution to the British Antarctic Survey programmes Ecosystems and Climate which are funded by the Natural Environment Research Council.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Research Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3001–401, Coimbra, Portugal

    José C. Xavier

  2. British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, CB3 0ET, Cambridge, UK

    José C. Xavier, S. L. Hill, M. Belchier, T. J. Bracegirdle & E. J. Murphy

  3. Lisbon School of Economics and Management (ISEG), Technical University of Lisbon, Rua do Quelhas, 6, 1200-781, Lisbon, Portugal

    J. Lopes Dias

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Correspondence to José C. Xavier .

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  1. IHES Le Bois-Marie, Bures-sur-Yvette, France

    Jean-Pierre Bourguignon

  2. Department of Mathematics, ETH Zürich; Seminar für Angewandte Mathematik, Zürich, Switzerland

    Rolf Jeltsch

  3. Department of Mathematics, University of Porto; Faculty of Sciences, Porto, Portugal

    Alberto Adrego Pinto

  4. Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, IMPA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Marcelo Viana

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Xavier, J.C., Hill, S.L., Belchier, M., Bracegirdle, T.J., Murphy, E.J., Dias, J.L. (2015). From Ice to Penguins: The Role of Mathematics in Antarctic Research. In: Bourguignon, JP., Jeltsch, R., Pinto, A., Viana, M. (eds) Mathematics of Energy and Climate Change. CIM Series in Mathematical Sciences, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16121-1_20

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